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Anal cancer is common in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. This randomized trial did not find a benefit from human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination to prevent anal HPV infection or anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. There may be a benefit for prevention of oral HPV infections. Abstract Background Adults living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at increased risk for anal and oropharyngeal cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). The efficacy of HPV vaccines in this population is unknown. Methods In this phase 3, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, we assigned HIV-infected adults aged ≥27 years to the quadrivalent HPV (types 6, 11, 16, 18) vaccine or placebo (1:1) stratified by sex and presence of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions on biopsy (bHSIL). The primary endpoint was vaccine efficacy against incident persistent anal infection with quadrivalent vaccine types or single detection at the final visit that were not present at baseline. Secondary endpoints included vaccine efficacy for anal bHSIL after week 52, persistent oral HPV infection. Results A total of 575 participants were randomized. The Data and Safety Monitoring Board stopped the study early due to futility. Vaccine efficacy was 22% (95.1% confidence interval [CI], −31%, 53%) for prevention of persistent anal infection or single detection at the final visit, 0% (95% CI −44%, 31%) for improving bHSIL outcomes and 88% (95.1% CI 2%, 98%) for preventing persistent oral HPV infection, but was 32% (95.1% CI −80%, 74%) for 6-month persistent oral HPV infection or single detection at the final visit. Conclusions These results do not support HPV vaccination of HIV-infected adults aged ≥27 years to prevent new anal HPV infections or to improve anal HSIL outcomes. However, our data suggest a role for prevention of oral HPV infections, but this finding should be confirmed in future studies. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01461096.

In a trial involving participants with HIV infection receiving antiretroviral therapy, the use of pitavastatin resulted in a lower risk of a major adverse cardiac event than placebo at a median of 5.1 years.

Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection is an important control measure, especially in patients coinfected with HIV. In this international phase 3 trial, 1 month of isoniazid plus rifapentine was noninferior to the standard 9 months of isoniazid in HIV-infected patients.

In this paper, we study a modified SIRI model without vital dynamics, based on a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, for epidemics that exhibit partial immunity after infection, reinfection, and disease-induced death. This model can be applied to study epidemics caused by SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses, since there is the possibility that, in diseases caused by these pathogens, individuals recovered from the infection have a decrease in their immunity and can be reinfected. On the other hand, it is known that, in populations infected by these coronaviruses, individuals with comorbidities or older people have significant mortality rates or deaths induced by the disease. By means of qualitative methods, we prove that such system has an endemic equilibrium and an infinite line of nonhyperbolic disease-free equilibria, we determine the local and global stability of these equilibria, and we also show that it has no periodic orbits. Furthermore, we calculate the basic reproductive number R0 and find that the system exhibits a forward bifurcation: disease-free equilibria are stable when R0<1/σ and unstable when R0>1/σ, while the endemic equilibrium consist of an asymptotically stable upper branch that appears from R0>1/σ, σ being the rate that quantifies reinfection. We also show that this system has two conserved quantities. Additionally, we show some of the most representative numerical solutions of this system.

We study an epidemiological mathematical model formulated in terms of an ODE system taking into account both social and nonsocial contagion risks of obesity. Analyzing first the case in which the model presents only the effect due to social contagion and using qualitative methods of the stability analysis, we prove that such system has at the most three equilibrium points, one disease-free equilibrium and two endemic equilibria, and also that it has no periodic orbits. Particularly, we found that when considering R0 (the basic reproductive number) as a parameter, the system exhibits a backward bifurcation: the disease-free equilibrium is stable when R0<1 and unstable when R0>1, whereas the two endemic equilibria appear from R0⁎ (a specific positive value reached by R0 and less than unity), one being asymptotically stable and the other unstable, but for R0>1 values, only the former remains inside the feasible region. On the other hand, considering social and nonsocial contagion and following the same methodology, we found that the dynamic of the model is simpler than that described above: it has a unique endemic equilibrium point that is globally asymptotically stable.

Extreme freeze events (EFEs) represent a rapid and intense fall of environmental temperature in a constrained area due to low-pressure systems at mid-levels of the atmosphere during winter. The semiarid region of Northwestern Mexico is frequently impacted by EFEs, causing damage to crops, livestock, economy, infrastructure, among other productive sectors. Hence, forecasting and prediction tools to reproduce the phenomenon accurately is crucial to minimize costs and the potential development of an early warning system for this kind of natural phenomena. This study evaluates the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model performance to simulate three relevant freeze events in Northwestern Mexico. Different WRF physics parameterization arrangements were applied, and the results were evaluated using in-situ observations from a local network to measure the model performance through statistical errors. Thus, the aim is to find the key WRF model schemes to reproduce hazardous freezes in Northwestern Mexico. The analyses showed that WRF simulations reproduced the spatial distribution of minimum temperatures during each episode, mainly in the north, northeastern, and close to the steep slopes of the domain. The general model performance shows a negative bias of daily minimum temperatures. The scale of errors was strongly influenced by the temporal resolution (hourly/daily) of in-situ observations. All configurations for short– and long–wave radiation using Dudhia and RRTM schemes provided a better performance in the tested EFEs. A turbulent kinetic energy model was used as the planetary boundary layer scheme proved to enhance WRF model performance.

Thunderstorms are known to have the potential to cause damage to the population. In Mexico, these weather events can bring threats such as lightning, hail, damaging winds, and even tornadoes. Various parameters and indices have been developed for mid‐latitude regions to improve forecasting and reduce the potential damage from thunderstorms; however, they do not consider the specific conditions of tropical and subtropical environments. This research used a comprehensive set of thunderstorm reports and the proximity‐sounding approach using ERA5 reanalysis data to examine five important instability indices commonly used for thunderstorm forecasting regarding their spatial and temporal characteristics. The results reveal significant variations in the values of the instability indices during thunderstorm events associated with different atmospheric systems in both the high‐activity and low‐activity seasons. The above suggests that no single index can reliably predict thunderstorms throughout Mexico and during all seasons. Analyses provide forecasters with a more comprehensive understanding of the various atmospheric conditions under which thunderstorms develop in the country, which can lead to more accurate forecasting and better disaster risk management for these natural phenomena.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants. Several studies have shown evidence pointing to the genome of the host as an important factor determining susceptibility to respiratory disease caused by RSV. We sequenced the complete exomes of 54 patients infected by RSV that needed hospitalization due to development of severe bronchiolitis. The Iberian sample (IBS) from The 1000 Genomes Project (1000G) was used as control group; all the association results were pseudo-replicated using other 1000G-European controls and Spanish controls. The study points to SNP rs199665292 in the olfactory receptor (OR) gene OR13C5 as the best candidate variant ( P -value = 1.16 × 10 −12 ; OR = 5.56). Genetic variants at HLA genes ( HLA-DQA1 , HLA-DPB1 ), and in the mucin 4 gene ( MUC4 ) also emerge as susceptibility candidates. By collapsing rare variants in genes and weighing by pathogenicity, we obtained confirmatory signals of association in the OR gene OR8U1 / OR8U8 , the taste receptor TAS2R19 , and another mucin gene ( MUC6 ). Overall, we identified new predisposition variants and genes related to RSV infection. Of special interest is the association of RSV to olfactory and taste receptors; this finding is in line with recent evidence pointing to their role in viral infectious diseases.