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"Leonard, Miriam"
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Verticillium dahliae Vta3 promotes ELV1 virulence factor gene expression in xylem sap, but tames Mtf1-mediated late stages of fungus-plant interactions and microsclerotia formation
Verticillium
transcription activator of adhesion 3 (Vta3) is required for plant root colonization and pathogenicity of the soil-borne vascular fungus
Verticillium dahliae
. RNA sequencing identified Vta3-dependent genetic networks required for growth in tomato xylem sap. Vta3 affects the expression of more than 1,000 transcripts, including candidates with predicted functions in virulence and morphogenesis such as Egh16-like virulence factor 1 (Elv1) and Master transcription factor 1 (Mtf1). The genes encoding Elv1 and Mtf1 were deleted and their functions in
V
.
dahliae
growth and virulence on tomato (
Solanum lycopersicum
) plants were investigated using genetics, plant infection experiments, gene expression studies and phytohormone analyses. Vta3 contributes to virulence by promoting
ELV1
expression, which is dispensable for vegetative growth and conidiation. Vta3 decreases disease symptoms mediated by Mtf1 in advanced stages of tomato plant colonization, while Mtf1 induces the expression of fungal effector genes and tomato pathogenesis-related protein genes. The levels of pipecolic and salicylic acids functioning in tomato defense signaling against (hemi-) biotrophic pathogens depend on the presence of
MTF1
, which promotes the formation of resting structures at the end of the infection cycle. In summary, the presence of
VTA3
alters gene expression of virulence factors and tames the Mtf1 genetic subnetwork for late stages of plant disease progression and subsequent survival of the fungus in the soil.
Journal Article
The Power of Oedipus: Michel Foucault with Hannah Arendt
It has become increasingly common to draw connections between Michel Foucault and Hannah Arendt: there are strong continuities between their respective theories of power, and Foucault and Arendt share an account of modernity and of the entry of biological life into the political sphere. Both thinkers are also immersed in the texts of antiquity and place an analysis of the ancient world at the heart of their thinking about the modern condition. This article explores how their different accounts of Oedipus as a political figure reveal their preoccupations with questions of power and political subjectivity.
Journal Article
Tomato Xylem Sap Hydrophobins Vdh4 and Vdh5 Are Important for Late Stages of Verticillium dahliae Plant Infection
Verticillium dahliae causes economic losses to a wide range of crops as a vascular fungal pathogen. This filamentous ascomycete spends long periods of its life cycle in the plant xylem, a unique environment that requires adaptive processes. Specifically, fungal proteins produced in the xylem sap of the plant host may play important roles in colonizing the plant vasculature and in inducing disease symptoms. RNA sequencing revealed over 1500 fungal transcripts that are significantly more abundant in cells grown in tomato xylem sap compared with pectin-rich medium. Of the 85 genes that are strongly induced in the xylem sap, four genes encode the hydrophobins Vdh1, Vdh2, Vdh4 and Vdh5. Vdh4 and Vhd5 are structurally distinct from each other and from the three other hydrophobins (Vdh1-3) annotated in V. dahliae JR2. Their functions in the life cycle and virulence of V. dahliae were explored using genetics, cell biology and plant infection experiments. Our data revealed that Vdh4 and Vdh5 are dispensable for V. dahliae development and stress response, while both contribute to full disease development in tomato plants by acting at later colonization stages. We conclude that Vdh4 and Vdh5 are functionally specialized fungal hydrophobins that support pathogenicity against plants.
Journal Article
The Frq–Frh Complex Light-Dependently Delays Sfl1-Induced Microsclerotia Formation in Verticillium dahliae
The vascular plant pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae has to adapt to environmental changes outside and inside its host. V. dahliae harbors homologs of Neurospora crassa clock genes. The molecular functions and interactions of Frequency (Frq) and Frq-interacting RNA helicase (Frh) in controlling conidia or microsclerotia development were investigated in V. dahliae JR2. Fungal mutant strains carrying clock gene deletions, an FRH point mutation, or GFP gene fusions were analyzed on transcript, protein, and phenotypic levels as well as in pathogenicity assays on tomato plants. Our results support that the Frq–Frh complex is formed and that it promotes conidiation, but also that it suppresses and therefore delays V. dahliae microsclerotia formation in response to light. We investigated a possible link between the negative element Frq and positive regulator Suppressor of flocculation 1 (Sfl1) in microsclerotia formation to elucidate the regulatory molecular mechanism. Both Frq and Sfl1 are mainly present during the onset of microsclerotia formation with decreasing protein levels during further development. Induction of microsclerotia formation requires Sfl1 and can be delayed at early time points in the light through the Frq–Frh complex. Gaining further molecular knowledge on V. dahliae development will improve control of fungal growth and Verticillium wilt disease.
Journal Article
Unfolded Protein Response and Scaffold Independent Pheromone MAP Kinase Signaling Control Verticillium dahliae Growth, Development, and Plant Pathogenesis
Differentiation, growth, and virulence of the vascular plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae depend on a network of interconnected cellular signaling cascades. The transcription factor Hac1 of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated unfolded protein response (UPR) is required for initial root colonization, fungal growth, and vascular propagation by conidiation. Hac1 is essential for the formation of microsclerotia as long-time survival resting structures in the field. Single endoplasmic reticulum-associated enzymes for linoleic acid production as precursors for oxylipin signal molecules support fungal growth but not pathogenicity. Microsclerotia development, growth, and virulence further require the pheromone response mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, but without the Ham5 scaffold function. The MAPK phosphatase Rok1 limits resting structure development of V.dahliae, but promotes growth, conidiation, and virulence. The interplay between UPR and MAPK signaling cascades includes several potential targets for fungal growth control for supporting disease management of the vascular pathogen V.dahliae.
Journal Article
TRAGEDY AND THE SEDUCTIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
Since antiquity, Greek tragedy has continually preoccupied philosophers. From Plato and Aristotle, to Hegel and Nietzsche, many of the most interesting ideas in the history of thought have been developed through a dialogue with tragedy. This article explores the continuities and ruptures between Plato and Aristotle's reading of tragedy and the so-called “philosophy of the tragic” which emerged in the late eighteenth century. The influence of this modern tradition has been so profound that, even today, no reading of Antigone, of Oedipus or of the Bacchae is not also, at least unconsciously, in dialogue with Hegel, with Freud and with Nietzsche. Although there is some recognition that the philosophical understanding of tragedy has historically shaped the discussion of ancient drama, classicists remain resistant to returning to its insights to further the study of classical texts. This article aims to redress the situation not only by revealing the persistent traces of the philosophy of the tragic in our modern critical vocabulary, but also by arguing that a renewed interest in this tradition will invigorate debates within our field. By looking at the examples of the French feminists Hélène Cixous' and Luce Irigaray's interpretations of Sophocles and Aeschylus, the article investigates the apparent tension between historicist and universalising readings of tragedy and argues that these two approaches are not necessarily incompatible.
Journal Article
“I know what has to happen”: Tragedy in Lars von Trier’s Medea
[...]she represents the spectre of disproportionate revenge. [...]it was in this violence that a woman mastered her death, a death that was not simply the end of an exemplary life as a spouse. In the highly stylized opening sequence, 'She' and 'He's' toddler tumbles towards his death from an open window while his parents have sex.23 Dancer in the Dark and Melancholia both feature young children who are not yet dead but whose survival provides a motivating force for the female characters in the films. The Time-Image, translated by Hugh Tomlinson and Roberta Galeta, Minneapolis Freud, Sigmund (1953-1974) The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, edited and translated by James Strachey et al., London Honig, Bonnie (2013) Antigone Interrupted, Cambridge Hopman, Marianne (2008) 'Revenge and Mythopoiesis in Euripides' Medea', Transactions of the American Philological Association 138 (2008), 155-183 Kierkegaard, Søren (1992) Either/Or: a fragment of life, translated by Alistair Hannay, London Koch, Gertrud (2007) 'Catholic Pictorialism: Religion as Style in the Films of Lars von Trier and Tom Tykwer', in Stephan Schindler and Lutz Koepnick (eds) The Cosmopolitan Screen: German Cinema and the Global Imaginary, 1945 to the Present, Ann Arbor, 225-234 Koutsourakis, Angelos (2013) Politics as Form in Lars Von Trier: A Post-Brechtian Reading, London Lacan, Jacques (1997) The Ethics of Psychoanalysis, edited by Jacques-Allain Miller, translated by Dennis Porter, New York Lambropoulos, Vassilis (2006) The Tragic Idea, London Loraux, Nicole (1987) Tragic Ways of Killing a Woman, Cambridge MA Lukács, György (2010) Soul and Form, edited by John T. Sanders, and Katie Terezakis; Translated by Anna Bostock, New York Lumholdt, Jan ed.
Journal Article