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"Leonard, Sarah L"
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Cardiac Mitochondrial Compromise in 1-Yr-Old Erythrocebus patas Monkeys Perinatally- Exposed to Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Hearts from 1-yr-old Erythrocebus patas monkeys were examined after in utero and 6-wk-postbirth exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Protocols were modeled on those given to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected pregnant women. NRTIs were administered daily to the dams for the last 20% or 50% of gestation, and to the infants for 6 wk after birth. Exposures included: no drug (n = 4); Zidovudine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT; n = 4); AZT/Lamivudine, (-)-beta-L-2', 3'-Dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (Epivir, 3TC) (n = 4); AZT/Didanosine (Videx, ddI) (n = 4); and Stavudine (Zerit, d4T)/3TC (n = 4). Echocardiograms and clinical chemistry showed no drug-related changes, but the d4T/3TC-exposed fetuses at 6 and 12 mo had increased white cell counts (p < 0.05). At 1 yr of age, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) enzyme activities were similar in heart mitochondria from all groups. Mitochondrial pathology, that included clones of damaged mitochondria (p < 0.05), was found in hearts of all 1-yr drug-exposed infants. Levels of mtDNA were elevated (p < 0.05) in hearts of all NRTI-exposed monkeys in the following order: control < d4T/3TC < AZT < AZT/3TC < AZT/ddI. The clinical status of NRTI-exposed infants, as evidenced by behavior, clinical chemistry, OXPHOS activity and echocardiogram, was normal. However, extensive mitochondrial damage with clusters of similar-appearing damaged heart mitochondria observed by electron microscopy, and an increase in mtDNA quantity, that persisted at 1 yr of age, suggest the potential for cardiotoxicity later in life.
Journal Article
On Jonathan Sperber’s Karl Marx
In Sperber's account, Marx is a backward-looking figure rather than a prophet, responding to the eighteenthand early nineteenthcentury theories of political economy developed by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, fascinated by the early modem privatization of land, and holding the French Revolution in mind as the model for political change. When one considers that Marx was baptized and raised as a Protestant, that Jews in the Rhineland (from which Marx hailed) benefitted from the universalist ideology ushered in by the French Revolution, and that Judaism as a racial identity did not emerge until the end of Marx's life, the apparently self-evident \"fact\" of Marx's Jewish identity looks a bit like a retrospective invention.
Journal Article
Cruel Attachments: The Ritual of Child Molesters in Germany
Borneman sat in on weekly therapy groups for convicted offenders, worked with a psychologist in a minimum security prison, and studied the case files of fifty adult men convicted of child sex abuse. Because the book has a suggestive prologue and a conclusion entitled \"Loose Ends\" constructed out of relevant fragments, the reader hoping for a highly focused qualitative study of child sexual abusers will be frustrated.
Book Review
Schooling Sex: Libertine Literature and Erotic Education in Italy, France, and England, 1534-1685
Leonard reviews Schooling Sex: Libertine Literature and Erotic Education in Italy, France, and England, 1534-1685 by James Grantham Turner.
Book Review