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Organic public engagement : how ecological thinking transforms public engagement with science
This book advances organic public engagement methods based on ecological thinking. The authors draw on rich multi-disciplinary literature in ecological thinking as well as research from public engagement with science events held over the past several years across the United States. Through this combination of ecology theory and case studies, this book provides both the conceptual foundations and the proven practical applications of public engagement grounded in ecological thinking. It offers engagement scholars an effective and efficient means of carrying out their missions, while simultaneously building a more ecologically valid method for studying actually existing publics.
Book
Blurring the Boundaries of War: PTSD in American Foreign Policy Discourse
Though psychic trauma may be an essential part of the human condition, in recent decades its interpretation as PTSD has had important political consequences. I examine both the political roots of the PTSD diagnosis and the disorder’s subsequent impacts on American foreign policy discourse. I draw on a mixed-methods approach, including historical analysis of PTSD’s development and quantitative and qualitative analysis of presidential papers, presidential debates, and the Congressional Record from the last fifty years. My chief findings are twofold. First, even though PTSD was added to the DSM in 1980, American leaders only began commonly referencing the disorder around the 2008 presidential cycle, more than half a decade into the War on Terror. Second, critical discourse analysis reveals that increased attention to PTSD has contributed to a blurring of important spatiotemporal lines around the concept of war, extending its consequences into an unknown future and outside the war zone. This erosion has profound normative consequences, considering how it similarly blurs the pivotal ethical distinction between victim and perpetrator. These findings not only elucidate an evolution that has taken place in American foreign policy, but also speak to the more general conceptual challenges posed by war trauma.
Journal Article
What's it like to be a state? An argument for state consciousness
Questions of consciousness pervade the social sciences. Yet, despite persistent tendencies to anthropomorphize states, most International Relations scholarship implicitly adopts the position that humans are conscious and states are not. Recognizing that scholarly disagreement over fundamental issues prevents answering definitively whether states are truly conscious, I instead demonstrate how scholars of multiple dispositions can incorporate a pragmatic notion of state consciousness into their theorizing. Drawing on recent work from Eric Schwitzgebel and original supplementary arguments, I demonstrate that states are not only complex informationally integrated systems with emergent properties, but they also exhibit seemingly genuine responses to qualia that are irreducible to individuals within them. Though knowing whether states possess an emergent ‘stream’ of consciousness indiscernible to their inhabitants may not yet be possible, I argue that a pragmatic notion of state consciousness can contribute to a more complete understanding of state personhood, as well as a revised model of the international system useful to multiple important theoretical debates. In the article's final section, I apply this model to debate over the levels of analysis at which scholarship applies ontological security theory. I suggest the possibility of emergent state-level ontological insecurity that need not be understood via problematic reduction to individuals.
Journal Article
Canada and Impressionism : new horizons, 1880-1930
A detailed chronology explores the multifaceted ways in which Canadians contributed to the evolution of Impressionism. Follow these Canadian artists as they travel abroad and return home again, over a series of journeys taking place during the last decades of the nineteenth century to the turn of the twentieth. Approximately 125 masterworks by some 35 artists situate Canadian art within the global phenomenon of Impressionism and present a fresh perspective on its reception in the arts of Canada. Adopting a thematic approach, comprehensive essays demonstrate the commitment of these pioneering artists to an innovative interpretation of foreign and familiar surroundings, imbued with an Impressionist vocabulary. With contributions by Katerina Atanassova, Tobi Bruce, Anna Hudson, Laurier Lacroix, Loren Lerner, Tracey Lock, Gerta Moray, Sandra Paikowsky and Adam Gopnik.
Book
Theorizing Collective Trauma in International Political Economy
While existing literature on collective trauma in international relations represents a vital (albeit inchoate) contribution to the field, to date, it has largely analyzed collective trauma’s impact as primarily psychological and sociocultural. This essay argues that a complete vision of collective trauma in IR must incorporate not only these more intangible dimensions but also how its legacy is reified materially over time in economic conditions—distinguishing the trauma of those with the resources to “work through” and those without. I begin this essay with a novel conception of collective trauma that draws upon existing traditions’ insights but also facilitates mediation between collective trauma’s material and sociocultural dimensions. Employing this definition, I then outline three analytical frameworks via which future scholarship can address collective trauma in international economic relations. First, scholarship can incorporate a notion of the trauma of poverty. Second, scholars can analyze the loss of economic opportunity that trauma entails as akin to Dominick LaCapra’s concept of structural trauma of absence. Finally, scholarship can examine collective trauma’s ability to break down trust in institutions and the impact this breakdown has on international economic relations.
Journal Article
De novo NAD+ biosynthetic impairment in acute kidney injury in humans
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD
+
) extends longevity in experimental organisms, raising interest in its impact on human health. De novo NAD
+
biosynthesis from tryptophan is evolutionarily conserved yet considered supplanted among higher species by biosynthesis from nicotinamide (NAM). Here we show that a bottleneck enzyme in de novo biosynthesis, quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT), defends renal NAD
+
and mediates resistance to acute kidney injury (AKI). Following murine AKI, renal NAD
+
fell, quinolinate rose, and QPRT declined. QPRT
+/−
mice exhibited higher quinolinate, lower NAD
+
, and higher AKI susceptibility. Metabolomics suggested an elevated urinary quinolinate/tryptophan ratio (uQ/T) as an indicator of reduced QPRT. Elevated uQ/T predicted AKI and other adverse outcomes in critically ill patients. A phase 1 placebo-controlled study of oral NAM demonstrated a dose-related increase in circulating NAD
+
metabolites. NAM was well tolerated and was associated with less AKI. Therefore, impaired NAD
+
biosynthesis may be a feature of high-risk hospitalizations for which NAD
+
augmentation could be beneficial.
Impaired NAD
+
biosynthesis may be a common feature of high-risk hospitalizations for which NAD
+
augmentation could improve therapeutic outcome.
Journal Article
Collective Trauma and the Evolution of Nehru's Worldview: Uncovering the Roots of Nehruvian Non-Alignment
Scholarship on Nehruvian non-alignment often assumes an artificial continuity between Jawaharlal Nehru's pre-independence thinking and post-independence decision, as India's prime minister, to pursue a policy of rejecting any international blocs or military alliances. This article demonstrates that, in fact, the ideas that constituted Nehruvian non-alignment were largely absent from Nehru's pre-independence thought - during the decades before India's independence Nehru articulated a strong willingness to cede India's sovereignty to international groupings for idealistic aims. To explain Nehru's shift from idealistic internationalist to professed internationalist but de facto isolationist with regard to alliances and blocs, I advocate a first-image, constructivist approach which considers the impact of collective trauma on Nehru's worldview. Drawing upon a novel, synthesized approach to theorizing collective trauma's impact on national identity, this article argues that the collective trauma Nehru witnessed and experienced during the decades before Indian independence profoundly impacted his trust in international institutions and views on representational diplomacy. In turn, this trauma affected his interpretation of various ideational and strategic considerations, contributing to the formulation of Nehruvian non-alignment.
Journal Article
Interrelationship of preoperative anemia, intraoperative anemia, and red blood cell transfusion as potentially modifiable risk factors for acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery: a historical multicentre cohort study
Purpose
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a potentially serious complication of cardiac surgery. Anemia and red blood cell (RBC) transfusion have individually been identified as potentially modifiable risk factors, but their interrelationship with AKI has not been clearly defined. The purpose of this study was to explore the interrelationship of preoperative anemia, intraoperative anemia, and RBC transfusion on the day of surgery with AKI in cardiac surgery.
Methods
This historical cohort study included 16 hospitals, each contributing data on approximately 100 consecutive patients who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Acute kidney injury was defined as a > 50% increase in creatinine levels during the first postoperative week. Multivariable regression was used to identify the interrelationship between preoperative anemia (hemoglobin < 130 g·L
−1
in males and < 120 g·L
−1
in females), intraoperative anemia (hemoglobin < 80 g·L
−1
during cardiopulmonary bypass), RBC transfusion on the day of surgery, and their interaction terms, after adjusting for site and baseline AKI risk.
Results
Of the 1,444 patients included in the study, 541 (37%) had preoperative anemia, 501 (35%) developed intraoperative anemia, 619 (43%) received RBC transfusions, and 238 (16%) developed AKI. After risk-adjustment, an individual with the combination of these three risk factors had a 2.6-fold (95% confidence interval 2.0 to 3.3) increase in the relative risk of AKI over an individual with none of these risk factors.
Conclusions
Preoperative anemia, intraoperative anemia, and RBC transfusion on the day of surgery are interrelated risk factors for AKI after cardiac surgery. Targeting these risk factors may reduce the burden of AKI.
Journal Article
Incidence of Typical Neutrophil Count With Fy(a‐b‐) Status Among Hematology Referrals for Neutropenia at an Urban Safety‐Net Hospital
Background: Duffy‐null associated neutrophil count (DANC) causes neutropenia without clinical sequelae. 25%–50% of people of African ancestry in the United States are thought to have Fy(a‐b‐) status and are often erroneously identified as having pathologically low neutrophil counts. Results: We performed a retrospective chart review of new neutropenia referrals to the Hematology Clinic at Boston Medical Center (BMC) to evaluate diagnostic patterns for Fy(a‐b‐) status. 103 new referrals for neutropenia were made from 1/2020 to 2/2022, of which 78 were included for further analysis. DANC was the etiology for low neutrophil count in 64.1%, 82% of whom were African American or Black or were born in an African or Caribbean country. 66% of these patients underwent confirmatory blood bank testing, and 97% of patients tested were confirmed to have Fy(a‐b‐) status. The average cost of a laboratory visit for patients with typical neutrophil count with Fy(a‐b‐) status was on average lower, but not negligible, than those without ( $363.82 vs. $ 737.93; p < 0.005). These patients were also statistically less likely to have a follow‐up appointment ( p = 0.039). Conclusions: Expanded use of serological Fy(a,b) antigen testing for patients with chronic, asymptomatic neutropenia could reduce the cost of care and referrals to the hematology clinic.
Journal Article