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"Lester, William"
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Minimum Wage Shocks, Employment Flows, and Labor Market Frictions
We provide the first estimates of the effects of minimum wages on employment flows in the US labor market, identifying the impact by using policy discontinuities at state borders. We find that minimum wages have a sizable negative effect on employment flows but not on stocks. Separations and accessions fall among affected workers, especially those with low tenure. We do not find changes in the duration of nonemployment for separations or hires. This evidence is consistent with search models with endogenous separations.
Journal Article
MINIMUM WAGE EFFECTS ACROSS STATE BORDERS: ESTIMATES USING CONTIGUOUS COUNTIES
We use policy discontinuities at state borders to identify the effects of minimum wages on earnings and employment in restaurants and other low-wage sectors. Our approach generalizes the case study method by considering all local differences in minimum wage policies between 1990 and 2006. We compare all contiguous county-pairs in the United States that straddle a state border and find no adverse employment effects. We show that traditional approaches that do not account for local economic conditions tend to produce spurious negative effects due to spatial heterogeneities in employment trends that are unrelated to minimum wage policies. Our findings are robust to allowing for long-term effects of minimum wage changes.
Journal Article
Clinical Features of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis
The phenotypes of VITT were defined in 220 patients in the United Kingdom who presented a median of 14 days after the first ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. Half had cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, a third of whom also had intracranial hemorrhage. Mortality was 22%. Intravenous immune globulin may reverse VITT.
Journal Article
Pathologic Antibodies to Platelet Factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination
Scully and colleagues report 23 cases of abnormal clotting, primarily involving the cerebral veins, 6 to 24 days after the first dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. The syndrome was incited by antibodies to platelet factor 4, independent of heparin therapy. Early recognition and avoidance of platelet transfusion are key.
Journal Article
Estimating the Size and Impact of the Ecological Restoration Economy
Domestic public debate continues over the economic impacts of environmental regulations that require environmental restoration. This debate has occurred in the absence of broad-scale empirical research on economic output and employment resulting from environmental restoration, restoration-related conservation, and mitigation actions - the activities that are part of what we term the \"restoration economy.\" In this article, we provide a high-level accounting of the size and scope of the restoration economy in terms of employment, value added, and overall economic output on a national scale. We conducted a national survey of businesses that participate in restoration work in order to estimate the total sales and number of jobs directly associated with the restoration economy, and to provide a profile of this nascent sector in terms of type of restoration work, industrial classification, workforce needs, and growth potential. We use survey results as inputs into a national input-output model (IMPLAN 3.1) in order to estimate the indirect and induced economic impacts of restoration activities. Based on this analysis we conclude that the domestic ecological restoration sector directly employs ~ 126,000 workers and generates ~ $9.5 billion in economic output (sales) annually. This activity supports an additional 95,000 jobs and $15 billion in economic output through indirect (business-to-business) linkages and increased household spending.
Journal Article
Assessing the size and growth of the US wetland and stream compensatory mitigation industry
Interest has focused on quantifying the size and scope of environmental markets, particularly those that offset ecosystem impacts or restore natural infrastructure to improve habitat or promote clean air and water. In this paper, we focus on the US wetland and stream compensatory mitigation market, asking: what types of firms make up the mitigation “industry”? What are the economic impacts–i.e., the “size”–of the mitigation industry? How has this industry changed over time? We present the results of a national survey of mitigation firms and construct an input-output model of the industry’s economic impacts and employment. We also develop a comparative, 2014 model of the industry using data from a previous study of the broader, ecological restoration economy. Our findings suggest that the (2019, pre-COVID) mitigation industry collects annual revenues (direct economic impacts) in excess of$3.5 billion, which, along with additional indirect (supply chain) and induced (spillover) economic impacts, combine to over $ 9.6 billion in total output and support over 53,000 total jobs. We estimate 2014–2019 growth of ~35.2 percent in revenues, ~32.6 percent in total economic impacts, and a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.25%. This places the mitigation industry within the range of other, well-established industries within the technical services sector. We suggest establishing North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes specifically for ecological restoration and mitigation firms, an essential step in generating accurate and consistent employment estimates in the future, particularly at sub-national geographic scales.
Journal Article
Pharmacogenomic testing and prescribing patterns for patients with cancer in a large national precision medicine cohort
Population databases could help patients with cancer and providers better understand current pharmacogenomic prescribing and testing practices. This retrospective observational study analysed patients with cancer, drugs with pharmacogenomic evidence and related genetic testing in the National Institutes of Health All of Us database. Most patients with cancer (19 633 (88.3%) vs 2590 (11.7%)) received ≥1 drug and 36 (0.2%) received genetic testing, with a significant association between receiving ≥1 drug and age group (p<0.001), but not sex (p=0.612), race (p=0.232) or ethnicity (p=0.971). Drugs with pharmacogenomic evidence—but not genetic testing—were common for patients with cancer, reflecting key gaps preventing precision medicine from becoming standard of care.
Journal Article
Aurora A Kinase (AURKA) is required for male germline maintenance and regulates sperm motility in the mouse
Aurora A kinase (AURKA) is an important regulator of cell division and is required for assembly of the mitotic spindle. We recently reported the unusual finding that this mitotic kinase is also found on the sperm flagellum. To determine its requirement in spermatogenesis, we generated conditional knockout animals with deletion of the Aurka gene in either spermatogonia or spermatocytes to assess its role in mitotic and postmitotic cells, respectively. Deletion of Aurka in spermatogonia resulted in disappearance of all developing germ cells in the testis, as expected, given its vital role in mitotic cell division. Deletion of Aurka in spermatocytes reduced testis size, sperm count, and fertility, indicating disruption of meiosis or an effect on spermiogenesis in developing mice. Interestingly, deletion of Aurka in spermatocytes increased apoptosis in spermatocytes along with an increase in the percentage of sperm with abnormal morphology. Despite the increase in abnormal sperm, sperm from spermatocyte Aurka knockout mice displayed increased progressive motility. In addition, sperm lysate prepared from Aurka knockout animals had decreased protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) activity. Together, our results show that AURKA plays multiple roles in spermatogenesis, from mitotic divisions of spermatogonia to sperm morphology and motility.
Journal Article
Vaccine‐induced Immune Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis (VITT)
On March 11, 2021, both the MHRA and the EMA provided reassurance that the number of events observed was no higher than expected and advised the continued use of this vaccine as the benefits outweighed the risks. 1,2 Within a week, however, researchers from Norway, Germany, and the United Kingdom reported on a group of patients who had been previously healthy but were admitted within 3 weeks of AZ vaccination with an unusual combination of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) and thrombocytopenia. Using an ELISA assay, the authors showed that the patients had circulating antibodies against PF4-heparin and also that there was platelet activation which could be inhibited by immune globulin providing support for a proposed treatment for this condition. 4 In a report of the early UK experience, Scully and colleagues 5 described 23 patients presenting 6 to 24 days after AZ vaccination with thrombosis and thrombocytopenia. TABLE 1 Summary of the reported cases of vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis Reference Vaccine Country/Area Number Age, y, mean (range) Sex Primary thrombosis type Platelet count, ×109/L, mean (range) Outcome Schultz et al 3 AZ Norway 5 40.8 (32–54) 4 F, 1 M 4 CVST 1 portal vein 27 (10-70) Fatal 60% Greinacher et al 4 AZ Germany and Austria 11 36 (22-49) 9 F, 2 M 9 CVST 1 PE 35 (8–107) Fatal 55% Scully et al 5 AZ United Kingdom 23 46 (21–77) 13 F, 10 M 13 CVST 4 PE 1 DVT 2 MCA strokes 2 portal vein 44 (7-113) Fatal 30% Muir et al 6 J&J United States 1 48 1 F 1 CVST 13 Critically ill at reporting Abbreviations: AZ, AstraZeneca; CVST, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; F, female; J&J, Johnson & Johnson; M, male; MCA, middle cerebral artery territory; PE, pulmonary embolism. TABLE 2 Clinical features and management of vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis Presentation Vaccine: AstraZeneca or Johnson & Johnson Timing: 5-24 days after vaccination Dose: Mostly after the first dose Thrombosis: Often atypical and multiple; CVST and portal vein thrombosis most common Thrombocytopenia: Variable but often <20 × 109/L Fibrinogen: Often reduced to 1.0-2.0 g/L D-dimer: Raised often to 4000-60 000 Anti-PF4: Positive by HIT ELISA Current management Give intravenous immunoglobulin Avoid platelet transfusions Avoid heparin-based anticoagulants Use alternative anticoagulants such as argatroban, fondaparinux, or DOAC Consider plasma exchange in nonresponding cases Early recourse to
Journal Article