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"Levan, Kristine"
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Prison violence
Drawing on a range of research and media sources to provide an international perspective on the topic of prison violence, this book focuses on the impact of such violence on the individual both while he or she is incarcerated and upon his or her release from prison, as well as on society as a whole. With a special emphasis on comparisons of violence among incarcerated populations in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, Prison Violence: Causes, Consequences and Solutions explores the various systems that exist to combat the problem, whilst also considering public perceptions of offenders and punishment, as influenced by media and coverage of high-profile cases. Providing a comprehensive analysis of prison violence on national and international levels, this book examines the extent of the problem, theoretical understandings of the issue and concrete solutions designed to prevent and handle such violence. As such, it will be of interest to policy makers as well as scholars of sociology, criminology and penology.
eBook
'There's gonna be bad apples': Police-community relations through the lens of media exposure among university students
Recently, increased media attention has been given to tensions between law enforcement officers and the communities they police. An individuals' opinions of law enforcement agencies may be formed from various areas, including their exposure to various forms of media. Here, we are interested in the types of media students are exposed to (particularly social media, television news, crime-related television shows). Through interviews with undergraduate students, we seek to understand how both an individual's demographic characteristics and their media consumption contribute to how perceptions are formed on issues related to violence perpetrated by law enforcement, as well as against law enforcement. Future studies can build on the initial findings and be conducted on a broader range of community members.
Journal Article
Space, Time, and Reflexive Interviewing: Implications for Qualitative Research with Active, Incarcerated, and Former Criminal Offenders
Space and time are concepts familiar to physicists, philosophers, and social scientists; they are operationalized with varying degrees of specificity but are both heralded as important to contextualizing research and understanding individual, cultural, and historical differences in perception and the social construction of reality. Space can range from, at the macro level, geographic region, to at the micro level, the immediate physical surroundings of an individual or group of persons. Similarly, a conceptualization of time can range from era or epoch to the passing of seconds and minutes within a situational dynamic of human interaction. In this article we examine the microcosmic end of the space-time spectrum, specifically as it relates to doing qualitative interviews with current or former criminal offenders. Through a comparative discussion of interviews with incarcerated, recently released, and active offenders, we pose questions and offer insights regarding how interviewers and interviewees perceive physical space and the passage of time and, most importantly, how these perceptions relate to the interview process and resulting data. Notably, we suggest that interviewer reflexivity should take into account not only the relationship, dialogue, and discourse between interviewer and interviewee but also space and time as perceived and constructed by both parties. Finally, we offer several key strategies for incorporating these considerations into the interviewer toolkit.
Journal Article
'There's gonna be bad apples': Police-community relations through the lens of media exposure among university students
Recently, increased media attention has been given to tensions between law enforcement officers and the communities they police. An individuals' opinions of law enforcement agencies may be formed from various areas, including their exposure to various forms of media. Here, we are interested in the types of media students are exposed to (particularly social media, television news, crime-related television shows). Through interviews with undergraduate students, we seek to understand how both an individual's demographic characteristics and their media consumption contribute to how perceptions are formed on issues related to violence perpetrated by law enforcement, as well as against law enforcement. Future studies can build on the initial findings and be conducted on a broader range of community members.
Journal Article
Boys in the Hood and Vampires in the Woods: Racialized Fatalism in Film
Studies of street crime and street culture often emphasize the concept of fatalism, particularly among urban minority males. Cinematic representations of fatalistic attitudes in White characters (particularly males) are often individually pathologized and presented through narratives of romance and desirability (e.g., the brooding vampire or detective in the crime noire genre). Some criminologists have operationalized fatalism in relation to delinquency and criminality with respect to control maintenance, which can serve as a starting point for developing a more nuanced understanding of fatalistic deviance represented in entertainment media. However, very little scholarly attention has called into question the distinctive portrayals and pathologies of fatalism between racialized versus White groups in such accounts. Through content analysis of film, the current study examines entertainment media portrayals of fatalism in White and non-White characters. This examination yields results that suggest both race and class play a role in the differential pathologization of fatalism (i.e., individual versus social and cultural) of these groups. By integrating these findings with a review of the extant literature on fatalism, this inquiry suggests that some similar stereotypes and pathologizations may exist in scholarly work that purports a link between fatalism and street culture and crime.
Journal Article
Prisons and Prison Violence in Other Countries
Attempting to measure imprisonment rates cross-nationally is inherently flawed. Not only are different actions defined as criminal offenses in various countries, but also the specified sanctions for these crimes vary from monetary fines to capital punishment (Pease 1991, 1992, 1994, as cited in Cavadino and Dignan 2006). Other issues, such as whether pre-trial detainees, general jail populations and juveniles are included in the official numbers, also make comparisons problematic (Walmsley 2009).
Book Chapter