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The distributed electricity trading market constitutes an essential component of the new-type power system, wherein peer-to-peer (P2P) trading serves as a prominent mechanism. However, the advancement of P2P electricity trading faces significant impediments, including security vulnerabilities, information asymmetry, and an underdeveloped credit evaluation system throughout the transaction process.This paper proposes a blockchain consensus mechanism and methodology for peer-to-peer electricity trading. First, an access mechanism for the electricity trading resource pool is designed to construct an credit rating decision tree, thereby ensuring the security and trustworthiness of transaction nodes. Second, a smart contract based demand-response mechanism is designed, allowing prosumers to submit trading requirements and time constraints based on their operational conditions, so as to guarantee the timeliness of transactions.Third, a multi-criteria objective function with priority-based consensus and a dynamic weight adaptation algorithm are constructed. By incorporating user behavior as a key metric, malicious activities are mitigated, enabling on-chain autonomy. Consensus is achieved by minimizing the deviation between demand targets and response matching values, thereby facilitating production-consumption balance. Finally, the proposed consensus method was empirically validated in a lab environment, by conducting performance benchmarking and analysis on the blockchain, this study demonstrates its validity and practicality. It aims to provide novel research methodologies and solutions for peer-to-peer electricity trading.

As of the end of March 2023, the cumulative grid-connected capacity of distributed photovoltaics in China was 176.32 GW. In the first quarter of 2023, the new added capacity of it amounted to 18.13 GW. Among them, the addition of grid-connected household-scale photovoltaic capacity was 8.92 GW. The installed capacity and grid-connected capacity continue to maintain a rapid growth trend, with characteristics such as small capacity, large quantity, large load fluctuation, multiple grid-connected points, and difficulty in adjustment. Access to distributed devices on the massive user side cannot be achieved through traditional authentication methods due to their limited resources. Besides, when conducting group dispatching and control for distributed photovoltaic clusters, it is necessary to encrypt and protect the parameters and control command data of group equipment. In response to the above issues, this article studies and proposes a security protection strategy for household distributed photovoltaic clusters. On resource-limited photovoltaic end devices, lightweight authentication of photovoltaic end devices is achieved through a security communication connector embedded with a security module in a software-hardware integrated mode. Then, a photovoltaic cluster data encryption strategy was designed to achieve encrypted transmission of group data, such as parameters and control instructions between intelligent fusion terminals and photovoltaic end devices.

Upon returning to the depot, rail transit vehicles require necessary maintenance. The working condition of train maintenance personnel directly impacts the safety of both staff and equipment. Therefore, effective monitoring and control of activities within train roof access platforms are essential. Traditional manual monitoring demands substantial manpower and is prone to human error, whereas machine vision–based intelligent monitoring offers a promising alternative, reducing the dispatch control center (DCC) workload while enhancing safety management. Our intelligent monitoring approach involves three key steps: train maintenance personnel identification, tracking of maintenance activities to generate movement trajectories, and analysis of movement patterns to detect anomalous behavior. This study primarily addresses the challenges of personnel identification and process tracking. In the scenario of train maintenance, facial recognition is limited by posture variations, making direct video tracking impractical. Pedestrian reidentification (Re‐ID) also struggles with posture and attire changes. To address these issues, we propose a hybrid approach: facial recognition confirms personnel identity upon entry, followed by pedestrian feature extraction for Re‐ID‐based tracking throughout the maintenance process. To handle occlusion, we designed a Re‐ID method based on body part recognition, segmenting features into head–shoulder, body, arm, and leg components, with higher weights assigned to visible parts. This method achieved improved mean average precision (mAP) and Rank‐1 values of 87.6% and 95.7%, respectively, on the Market1501 dataset. A tracking and monitoring system was developed, effectively identifying and tracking maintenance activities, demonstrating a strong practical value. Furthermore, this work lays the groundwork for future research into trajectory‐based abnormal behavior detection.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized by an abnormal immune response, includes two distinct types: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Extensive research has revealed that the pathogeny of IBD encompasses genetic factors, environmental factors, immune dysfunction, dysbiosis, and lifestyle choices. Furthermore, patients with IBD exhibit both local and systemic oxidative damage caused by the excessive presence of reactive oxygen species. This oxidative damage exacerbates immune response imbalances, intestinal mucosal damage, and dysbiosis in IBD patients. Meanwhile, the weaning period represents a crucial phase for pigs, during which they experience pronounced intestinal immune and inflammatory responses, leading to severe diarrhea and increased mortality rates. Pigs are highly similar to humans in terms of physiology and anatomy, making them a potential choice for simulating human IBD. Although the exact mechanism behind IBD and post-weaning diarrhea remains unclear, the oxidative damage, in its progression and pathogenesis, is well acknowledged. Besides conventional anti-inflammatory drugs, certain probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria strains, have been found to possess antioxidant properties. These include the scavenging of reactive oxygen species, chelating metal ions to inhibit the Fenton reaction, and the regulation of host antioxidant enzymes. Consequently, numerous studies in the last two decades have committed to exploring the role of probiotics in alleviating IBD. Here, we sequentially discuss the oxidative damage in IBD and post-weaning diarrhea pathogenesis, the negative consequences of oxidative stress on IBD, the effectiveness of probiotics in IBD treatment, the application of probiotics in weaned piglets, and the potential antioxidant mechanisms of probiotics.

Objective The causal associations of circulating lipids with Barrett’s Esophagus (BE) and Esophageal Cancer (EC) has been a topic of debate. This study sought to elucidate the causality between circulating lipids and the risk of BE and EC. Methods We conducted two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of circulating lipids ( n  = 94,595 − 431,167 individuals), BE (218,792 individuals), and EC (190,190 individuals) obtained from the publicly available IEU OpenGWAS database. The robustness and reliability of the results were ensured by employing inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, MR-Egger, and MR-PRESSO methods. The presence of horizontal pleiotropy, heterogeneities, and stability of instrumental variables were assessed through MR-Egger intercept test, Cochran’s Q test, and leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. Additionally, bidirectional MR and multivariable MR (MVMR) were performed to explore reverse causality and adjust for known confounders, respectively. Results None of the testing methods revealed statistically significant horizontal pleiotropy, directional pleiotropy, or heterogeneity. Univariate MR analyses using IVW indicated a robust causal relationship between increased triglycerides and BE (odds ratio [OR] = 1.79, p-value = 0.009), while no significant association with EC was observed. Inverse MR analysis indicated no evidence of reverse causality in the aforementioned outcomes. In MVMR analyses, elevated triglycerides (TRG) were significantly and positively associated with BE risk (OR = 1.79, p-value = 0.041). Conclusion This MR study suggested that genetically increased triglycerides were closely related to an elevated risk of BE, potentially serving as a biomarker for the diagnosis of BE in the future.

The research purpose of this work is guiding the spatial morphological design of blocks via relevant indicators to realize suitable wind environments. In doing so, it is necessary to find the most suitable indicator types and value ranges for each urban spatial morphology. At present, most of the relevant research has been based on the numerical simulation of ideal block shapes and rarely proposes results based on actual block types, which often tend to be complex environments. Therefore, this paper firstly presents a theoretical speculation on the main factors influencing indicator effectiveness via analyzing physical significance and formulating principles for each indicator. These speculations are verified via wind environment measurement and statistical analysis, indicating that porosity (P0) can be used as an important indicator to guide the design of block wind environments in the case of deep street canyons, while frontal area density (λF) can be used as a supplement in shallow street canyons with no height differences. Finally, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to quantify the impact of block height difference and street canyon depth on λF and P0, thereby finding suitable types of urban form and value ranges for λF and P0. This paper provides a feasible wind environment index system for urban designers.

Background Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has been reported to promote osteoblast differentiation. However, the role of ESWT on osteoclast differentiation is still elusive. Methods This study analyzed the differentiation of osteoclasts in the shock wave group and the control group in vitro, and TRAP staining, RT-PCR, WB assays, and MTT assays were assessed between the two groups. Furthermore, we analyzed the bone formation in these two groups in vivo and micro-CT and trap staining were assessed between the two groups. Results We found that ESWT inhibited osteoclast maturation in vitro and ESW treatment of femur promoted bone formation in vivo. Mechanically, osteoclast differentiation was inhibited as the number of impulses increased and ESWT decreased endogenous levels of NTAFc1 and P65 protein. Conclusions ESWT may be a potential therapy of osteoporosis through NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective This paper was a anatomical radiographic study of distance between lumbar bi-cortical pedicle screws (BPSs) and anterior large vessels (ALVs) in patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis, and to provide clinical basis for evaluating the safety of bi-cortical pedicle screw implantation during lumbar spondylolisthesis. Methods Complete Computed tomography (CT) data of 104 patients with grade I lumbar spondylolisthesis (L4 52 and L5 52) and 107 non-spondylolisthesis patients (control group) were collected in this study. The distances between lumbar 4,5(L4,5) and sacrum 1(S1) BPSs and ALVs (abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, left and right common iliac artery, internal and external iliac artery) were respectively measured at different transverse screw angles (TSAs) (L4:5°,10°; L5:10°,15°; S1:0°,5°,10°) and analyzed by SPSS (v25.0). There were three types of distances from the anterior vertebral cortex (AVC) to the ALVs (D AVC-ALV ): D AVC-ALV N, D AVC-ALV  ≥ 0.50 cm, and D AVC-ALV  < 0.50 cm; these different distances represented non-contact, distant and close ALV respectively. Results We calculated the incidences of screw tip contacting large vessels at different TSAs and provided the appropriate angle of screw implantation. In non-spondylolisthesis group, in L4, the appropriate left TSA was 5°, and the incidence of the close ALV was 4.62%. In S1, the appropriate left TSA was 0° and the incidence of the close ALV was 22.4%, while the appropriate right TSA was 10° and the incidence of the close ALV was 17.8%. In L4 spondylolisthesis group, in L4, the appropriate left TSA was 5°, and the incidence of the close ALV was 3.8%. In L5 spondylolisthesis group, in S1, the appropriate left TSA was 0° and the incidence of the close ALV was 19.2%, while the appropriate right TSA was 10° and the incidence of the close ALV was 21.2%. The use of BPS was not appropriate on the right side of L4 or on the either side of L5 both in spondylolisthesis and control group. In patients with lumbar 4 spondylolisthesis, the incidences of screw tip contacting large vessels were less than the control group in both L4 and 5. In patients with lumbar 5 spondylolisthesis, the incidences of screw tip contacting large vessels were less than the control group in L5, while there were no significant difference in S1. Conclusion It is very important that considering the anatomical relationship between the AVC and the ALVs while planning BPSs. The use of BPS does not apply to every lumbar vertebra. In patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis and non-spondylolisthesis patients, the incidences of screw tip contacting large vessels are different.

ABSTRACT Mammals support offspring survival through efficient milk production, ensuring the transfer of essential nutrients and energy. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by gut microorganisms function as signalling molecules that influence host physiology. In this study, we observed an association between gut microbiota and lactation performance, with Limosilactobacillus johnsonii showing potential in promoting milk fat synthesis. Using a mouse model, we demonstrated that L. johnsonii‐derived EVs enhance mammary gland function, leading to increased milk fat content and improved pup growth. Mechanistically, palmitic acid (C16:0) from L. Johnsonii EVs was found to induce the dynamic changes in CD36 palmitoylation in mammary epithelial cells, thereby facilitating fatty acid uptake as substrates for milk fat synthesis. Additionally, the increased availability of fatty acids further promotes the activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ), reinforcing its role in regulating milk fat synthesis. These findings provide new insights into the gut‐mammary gland axis and its role in lactation regulation. Extracellular vesicles from Limosilactobacillus johnsonii reach the mammary gland through the gut‐mammary axis, where their palmitic acid (C16:0) induce the dynamic changes in CD36 palmitoylation in mammary epithelial cells, thereby facilitating fatty acid uptake as substrates and enhance milk fat synthesis in HC11 cells via PPARγ signalling.

Tropical cities currently face issues of climate change resulting from rapid urbanization and the impact of urban morphological transformations on the microclimate. The analysis of urban physical forms and patterns is a realisticmethodfor quantifying these impacts. This work examined the impact of morphological transformations of an urban site in Wuhan, China, on the microthermal environment at different time periods. We also quantified and compared the impact of four urban site morphologies on ambient air temperature. The morphological changes of the study site were inferred from Google Earth images acquired at different time points in 2006 and 2013. ENVI-met simulation software was used to compare the changes in temperature at the selected site by specific date. The year- and time-based analysis of existing urban morphologies and their impact on the microurban thermal environment shows that the overall minimum and maximum values of morning and afternoon ambient air temperature are nearly the same for the 2013 and 2006 morphologies. The maximum temperature difference was observed in the afternoon (14:00), with an average difference of approximately 2 °C in the east. The findings of this research could provide a useful guide for optimizing the transformation of urban site planning and design and a suitable method for assessing the impact of built-up areas on the environment.