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Deep learning has revolutionized a number of applications in artificial intelligence, including speech, vision, natural language, game playing, healthcare, and robotics. In particular, the recent striking success of deep learning in a wide variety of Natural Language Processing (NLP) application areas has been taken as a landmark of deep learning in one of the most important tasks in Artificial Intelligence. The book presents the state-of-the-art of deep learning research, and its applications in major NLP tasks including speech recognition, lexical analysis, parsing, knowledge graph, machine translation, information retrieval, question answering, sentiment analysis, social computing, spoken language understanding, and dialogue systems. The self-contained, comprehensive chapters have been written by leading researchers in the field. It appeals undergraduate and graduate students, post-doctoral researchers, lecturers, and industrial researchers and anyone interested in deep learning and natural language processing.

Abnormal N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is closely associated with the occurrence, development, progression and prognosis of cancer, and aberrant m6A regulators have been identified as novel anticancer drug targets. Both traditional medicine-related approaches and modern drug discovery platforms have been used in an attempt to develop m6A-targeted drugs. Here, we provide an update of the latest findings on m6A modification and the critical roles of m6A modification in cancer progression, and we summarize rational sources for the discovery of m6A-targeted anticancer agents from traditional medicines and computer-based chemosynthetic compounds. This review highlights the potential agents targeting m6A modification for cancer treatment and proposes the advantage of artificial intelligence (AI) in the discovery of m6A-targeting anticancer drugs. Graphical abstract Three stages of m6A-targeting anticancer drug discovery: traditional medicine-based natural products, modern chemical modification or synthesis, and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted approaches for the future.

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4 ) has been widely investigated as a photocatalyst or photoanode for solar water splitting, but its activity is hindered by inefficient cocatalysts and limited understanding of the underlying mechanism. Here we demonstrate significantly enhanced water oxidation on the particulate BiVO 4 photocatalyst via in situ facet-selective photodeposition of dual-cocatalysts that exist separately as metallic Ir nanoparticles and nanocomposite of FeOOH and CoOOH (denoted as FeCoO x ), as revealed by advanced techniques. The mechanism of water oxidation promoted by the dual-cocatalysts is experimentally and theoretically unraveled, and mainly ascribed to the synergistic effect of the spatially separated dual-cocatalysts (Ir, FeCoO x ) on both interface charge separation and surface catalysis. Combined with the H 2 -evolving photocatalysts, we finally construct a Z-scheme overall water splitting system using [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3−/4− as the redox mediator, whose apparent quantum efficiency at 420 nm and solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency are optimized to be 12.3% and 0.6%, respectively. Artificial photosynthesis offers an integrated means to convert light to fuel, but efficiencies are often low. Here, authors report a Z-scheme system utilizing Ir and FeCoO x co-catalysts to enhance charge separation on BiVO 4 facets that achieves high quantum efficiencies for overall water splitting.

Lung cancer is the first leading cause of cancer-related deaths both worldwide and in China and threatens human health and quality of life. New drugs and therapeutic methods are urgently needed. Our study evaluated the roles of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in lung cancer and further explored its underlying mechanisms. CCK-8, colony formation and trypan blue exclusion assays were used to detect the cell viability, colony formation ability and cell death. qRT-PCR and Western blotting assays were applied to analyze the expressions of key molecules. DHA inhibited the proliferation and colony formation abilities and enhanced the cell death and induced ferroptosis of lung NCI-H23 and XWLC-05 cancer cells. DHA reduced PRIM2 expression and silencing PRIM2 mimicked the inhibitory roles on proliferation and colony formation and promotive roles on cell death and ferroptosis of DHA in lung NCI-H23 and XWLC-05 cancer cells. We further found that DHA treatment and loss of PRIM2 reduced the GSH level and increased the cellular lipid ROS and mitochondrial MDA levels, and further downregulated the expressions of SLC7A11 and β-catenin in lung cancer cells, respectively. Exogenetic overexpression of PRIM2 recovered the inhibitory effects of DHA on proliferation and colony formation in lung NCI-H23 cancer cells, meanwhile loss of PRIM2 sensitizes NCI-H23 cells to DHA therapy. In vivo experiment further showed that DHA treatment significantly suppressed the tumor growth and downregulated PRIM2 and SLC7A11. Our study suggested that DHA inhibited the proliferation, colony formation and enhanced cell death and induced ferroptosis of lung cancer cells by inactivating PRIM2/SLC7A11 axis. Loss of PRIM2 induced ferroptosis might developed to be a novel therapeutic method in lung cancer therapy.

Imines conventionally act as electrophiles towards carbon nucleophiles in the synthesis of amines, but the range of amines could be much extended if the carbon atom of the imine could be rendered electron-rich to allow it to act as a nucleophile toward a carbon electrophile; such a reaction can be promoted by new phase-transfer catalysts, leading to highly efficient asymmetric reactions of imines with enals. Chital amine synthesis made simpler Imines, carbon–nitrogen double bonds, act as electrophiles towards carbon nucleophiles in the synthesis of amines, but the range of synthesizable amines could be greatly extended if the carbon atom of the imine could be rendered electron-rich to allow it to act as a nucleophile towards a carbon electrophile. Li Deng and colleagues have developed a procedure that achieves just that. They report the discovery and development of new chiral phase transfer catalysts that promote highly efficient asymmetric reactions of imines and enals. The reaction provides a conceptually new and practical approach towards the synthesis of chiral amino compounds. The carbon–nitrogen double bonds in imines are fundamentally important functional groups in organic chemistry. This is largely due to the fact that imines act as electrophiles towards carbon nucleophiles in reactions that form carbon–carbon bonds, thereby serving as one of the most widely used precursors for the formation of amines in both synthetic and biosynthetic settings 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 . If the carbon atom of the imine could be rendered electron-rich, the imine could react as a nucleophile instead of as an electrophile. Such a reversal in the electronic characteristics of the imine functionality would facilitate the development of new chemical transformations that convert imines into amines via carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions with carbon electrophiles, thereby creating new opportunities for the efficient synthesis of amines. The development of asymmetric umpolung reactions of imines (in which the imines act as nucleophiles) remains uncharted territory, in spite of the far-reaching impact such reactions would have in organic synthesis. Here we report the discovery and development of new chiral phase-transfer catalysts that promote the highly efficient asymmetric umpolung reactions of imines with the carbon electrophile enals. These catalysts mediate the deprotonation of imines and direct the 2-azaallyl anions thus formed to react with enals in a highly chemoselective, regioselective, diastereoselective and enantioselective fashion. The reaction tolerates a broad range of imines and enals, and can be carried out in high yield with as little as 0.01 mole per cent catalyst with a moisture- and air-tolerant operational protocol. These umpolung reactions provide a conceptually new and practical approach to chiral amino compounds.

With the rapid development and popularity of social media, social media advertising has become an indispensable part of enterprise marketing strategy. This study aims to explore the impact of social media advertising on consumers' purchasing decisions. Through literature review, questionnaire survey and data analysis, this paper in-depth studies the characteristics of social media advertising, consumers' attitudes towards social media advertising and the mechanism of social media advertising's influence on consumer purchasing behavior. The results show that social media advertising can significantly influence consumers' purchasing decisions by enhancing brand awareness, enhancing brand trust and promoting user interaction. In addition, this study also found that factors such as personalized push, content quality and user evaluation of social media advertisements have a significant impact on consumers' purchase intention. Based on the research results, this paper puts forward suggestions for optimizing social media advertising strategies, including improving the relevance and attractiveness of advertising content, strengthening interaction with consumers, and rational use of big data analytics. This study provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for enterprises to formulate effective social media marketing strategies, and also provides a new direction for future related research.

Saturated three-dimensional carbocycles have gained increasing prominence in synthetic and medicinal chemistry. In particular, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (BCHs) have been identified as the molecular replacement for benzenes. Here, we present facile access to a variety of BCHs via a stepwise two-electron formal (3 + 2) cycloaddition between silyl enol ethers and bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) under Lewis acid catalysis. The reaction features wide functional group tolerance for silyl enol ethers, allowing the efficient construction of two vicinal quaternary carbon centers and a silyl-protected tertiary alcohol unit in a streamlined fashion. Interestingly, the reaction with conjugated silyl dienol ethers can provide access to bicyclo[4.1.1]octanes (BCOs) equipped with silyl enol ethers that facilitate further transformation. The utilities of this methodology are demonstrated by the late-stage modification of natural products, transformations of tertiary alcohol units on bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane frameworks, and derivatization of silyl enol ethers on bicyclo[4.1.1]octanes, delivering functionalized bicycles that are traditionally inaccessible. Saturated three-dimensional carbocycles have gained increasing prominence in synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Here, the authors present facile access to a variety of bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes via a stepwise two-electron formal (3 + 2) cycloaddition between silyl enol ethers and bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes under Lewis acid catalysis.

In recent years, China has made great efforts to resolve the health inequality caused by household registration restrictions, and the unequal allotment of health services faced by migrant workers has been effectively alleviated. However, inequality in health services may exist not only between migrant workers and local citizens but also among migrant workers. Thus, the unbalanced utilization of health services among migrant workers deserves attention. Using data from the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS), we examined the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and healthcare-seeking behavior through multivariate regression analysis. Then, from the perspective of SES, this study divided migrant workers into different groups to explore the characteristics of healthcare-seeking behavior in different groups. The results showed that SES had a significant relationship with healthcare-seeking behavior. Those with high SES were more likely to use high-quality health services. By subdividing the category of migrant workers, we found that the utilization of health services among migrant workers was unbalanced. Education and income had significant gradients in multiple measures of healthcare-seeking behavior, while occupation had no significant difference in the behavior. Migrant workers with higher income and education were more likely to use high-quality health services. Especially for migrant workers who had high incomes (above 15,000 CNY) or whose educational backgrounds were graduate level or above, their utilization of health resources was significantly higher than that of other groups. When designing particular policies to improve the healthcare-seeking behavior of different SES migrant workers, we should pay attention to the low-education groups and low-income groups. Policymakers can reduce the current health inequality of migrant workers by strengthening health education and increasing medical subsidies to achieve health equality among migrant workers and between migrant workers and local citizens.

Background Collagen type VI alpha 6 chain (COL6A6), an essential component of epithelial cell basal lamina, is hypothesized to function as a tumor suppressor in various cancers, yet its role in breast cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate COL6A6 expression patterns, assess its impact on the tumor immune microenvironment, and uncover underlying molecular mechanisms in breast cancer progression. Methods Immunohistochemical staining of COL6A6 was conducted on 136 breast cancer tissues and 50 non-breast-cancer controls in-house. Global microarray and high-throughput sequencing datasets were analyzed to confirm mRNA expression trends, supported by single-cell RNA sequencing for expression intensity and distribution. Prognostic evaluation utilized a multicenter cohort of breast cancer patients through Kaplan–Meier survival and decision curve analyses. Tumor deconvolution and gene set enrichment analyses predicted COL6A6’s association with the tumor immune microenvironment and its molecular mechanisms. Mouse models, spatial transcriptomic sequencing, and transcriptional regulation analyses were employed to elucidate the intimate relationship between COL6A6 expression and immune cell distribution. Potential therapeutic agents for breast cancer patients were predicted by targeting the COL6A6 protein. Results COL6A6 protein staining intensity was significantly lower in breast cancer tissues compared to normal breast tissues ( p  < 0.0001). Integrated analysis confirmed COL6A6 downregulation in 4818 breast cancer tissues versus 1236 non-breast-cancer tissues (standardized mean difference =  − 1.27 [− 1.66, − 0.87]), supported by single-cell RNA sequencing. Reduced COL6A6 mRNA expression moderately discriminated breast cancer from non-breast-cancer tissues (pooled area under the curve = 0.88, sensitivity = 84.85%, specificity = 72.68%). Decreased COL6A6 expression correlated with poorer overall and relapse-free survival. It had a negative correlation with the purity of the tumor but a positive correlation with the quantity of stromal and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Immune regulatory pathways such as adaptive immune response, T cell differentiation, T cell proliferation, macrophage activation, and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity were associated with the gene sets that were enriched in the analysis. Immune-related biological processes, such as immunoglobulin production, generation of immune response mediators, myeloid leukocyte activation, leukocyte chemotaxis, and neutrophil migration, were significantly enriched in mouse models immunized with a COL6A6 peptide vaccine. The downregulation of COL6A6 was associated with reduced immune cell infiltration in malignant regions of breast cancer tissue slices, which might be negatively regulated by the CBX2 transcription factor. MK-886 may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for breast cancer treatment by targeting COL6A6 (Vina score =  − 8.0). Conclusions COL6A6 may operate as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer, underscoring its correlation with immune activity in the tumor microenvironment. These findings suggest COL6A6 as a promising therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker warranting further investigation.

Background The co-occurrence of sporocarps has revealed many intimate associations between different ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi species. The co-occurrence of sporocarps of Suillus bovinus and Gomphidius roseus , two edible ECM fungi, is well recognized; however, the interactions between them remain largely unknown. This study investigated the relationship between these two fungi occurring in Pinus massoniana forests through phenological, microbiome, and metabolome analyses. Results Gomphidius roseus sporocarps were always found alongside sporocarps of S. bovinus , but not vice versa. The ECM associated with S. bovinus sporocarps exhibited a long-distance exploration type, whereas the ECM associated with G. roseus sporocarps formed a contact exploration type. Both S. bovinus and G. roseus sporocarps and ECM contained the mycelia of both fungi. In contrast, different fungal sporocarps and ECM were dominated by distinct bacterial species. Suillus bovinus sporocarps were recorded in all ages investigated, ranging from 1 to 5 years old to over 30 years old. In contrast, G. roseus sporocarps were mainly found in forests older than 10 years. Previous studies suggested that G. roseus parasitizes S. bovinus ; however, the occurrence of G. roseus sporocarps did not significantly affect S. bovinus sporocarp production or P. massoniana growth, challenging this assumption. Despite their intimate interactions, the metabolic profiles of S. bovinus sporocarps more closely resembled those of S. luteus , not G. roseus . Conclusion Overall, our analyses showed both similarities and dissimilarities in phenology, microbiome, and metabolome features between the two fungi, and the genesis of G. roseus sporocarps is highly dependent on S. bovinus . These results further indicate that while the formation of ECM between G. roseus and the host may rely on ECM formed by S. bovinus and the same host, it is not parasitic.