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This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Terminalia chebula (TC) on Tibetan yak-origin Salmonella-induced diarrhea and dysentery in mice. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), and the oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), reduced glutathione (GSH-PX), and catalase (CAT) in the serum of mice were measured using ELISA kits. Using microbial diversity sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics detection techniques, the relevant mechanisms of TC treatment in a mouse Salmonella infection model were evaluated. The results showed the following: TC can effectively reduce the diarrhea rate; alleviate weight loss caused by Salmonella invasion; reduce the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in serum; and increase the concentrations of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. TC can improve the body’s antioxidant levels to heal the damage caused by oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The histological section results show that TC can significantly improve gastric and intestinal tissue lesions and has no toxic effects on the liver and kidneys. 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing analysis suggests that Lactobacillus, Enterorhabdus, Alistipes (bacterial community), Lodderomyces, Saccharomyces, and Penicillium (fungal community) may be key functional microbial communities in TC. Non-targeted metabolomics also suggests that the antibacterial treatment of dysentery with chebulic acid may be related to regulation of the Ras signaling pathway, long-term potentiation, the MAPK signaling pathway, metabolic pathways, and gut microbiome composition. Conclusion: TC has clear clinical efficacy in treating bacterial diarrhea, presenting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Its roles in regulating the gut microbiome and metabolic pathways and products were determined as the main reason for its therapeutic effect in a mouse gastroenteritis model caused by Salmonella infection.

Zerumbone is a pharmacologically active sesquiterpenoid with limited availability. This study aims to elucidate its biosynthetic pathway in by identifying and characterizing the key enzymes responsible for its production. Candidate genes were selected via transcriptome analysis and phylogenetics. CwTPS8 and CwSDR1 were cloned and functionally characterized using in vitro enzyme assays and heterologous expression in engineered . Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis were applied to investigate the catalytic mechanism of CwTPS8. CwTPS8 was identified as a multifunctional sesquiterpene synthase that catalyzes the formation of α-humulene (a key zerumbone precursor) and β-caryophyllene as main products, along with several minor sesquiterpenes. Mutagenesis studies identified critical residues (e.g., Thr437, Cys436) that significantly shift product specificity toward α-humulene. CwSDR1 was characterized as a short-chain dehydrogenase that efficiently oxidizes 8-hydroxy-α-humulene to zerumbone. A de novo biosynthetic pathway was reconstructed in yeast, resulting in zerumbone production at 0.50 μg/L. This study expands the genetic toolkit for zerumbone biosynthesis and provides insights into enzyme engineering and metabolic engineering strategies to enhance production. Limitations in precursor supply and catalytic efficiency highlight areas for future optimization.

Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen that can cause a range of illnesses in humans; it has also been a key focus for monitoring in the field of public health, including gastroenteritis, sepsis, and arthritis, and can also cause a decline in egg production in poultry and diarrhea and abortion in livestock, leading to death in severe cases, resulting in huge economic losses. This study aimed to investigate the isolation rate, antimicrobial resistance, serotypes, and genetic diversity of Salmonella isolated from yak feces in various regions on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. A total of 1222 samples of yak dung were collected from major cities in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau area, and the sensitivity of the isolated bacteria to 10 major classes of antibiotics was determined using the K-B paper disk diffusion method for drug susceptibility. Meanwhile, the serotypes of the isolated bacteria were analyzed using the plate agglutination test for serum antigens, and their carriage of drug resistance and virulence genes was determined using PCR and gel electrophoresis experiments. The isolated bacteria were also classified using MLST (Multi-Locus Sequence Typing). The overall isolation rate for Salmonella was 18.25% (223/1222), and the results of the antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that 98.65% (220/223) of the isolated bacteria were resistant to multiple antibiotics. In the 223 isolates of Salmonella, eight classes of 20 different resistance genes, 30 serotypes, and 15 different types of virulence genes were detected. The MLST analysis identified 45 distinct sequence types (STs), including five clonal complexes, of which ST34, ST11, and ST19 were the most common. These findings contribute valuable information about strain resources, genetic profiles, and typing data for Salmonella in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau area, facilitating improved bacterial surveillance, identification, and control in yak populations. They also provide certain data supplements for animal Salmonella infections globally, filling research gaps.

The stability of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) suspension is a key factor in determining their transport, fate, and toxicity in an aquatic environment, which is significantly influenced by CNTs’ nature and water chemistry. Macromolecular dissolved organic matter (DOM) is reported to influence the stability of CNTs aggregation. However, little is known on small polar dissolved organic compound’s effects on CNTs aggregation. Nitrobenzene was selected to investigate its interaction with three different functionalized multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs). Both the stability of CNTs aggregation and sorption hysteresis were affected by the initial concentration of nitrobenzene and the surface functionalization coverage of MWCNTs. At the initial concentration below 580 mg/L, the thermodynamic index of irreversibility (TII) and turbidity of CNTs suspension had the same tendency, indicating that the underlying mechanism is closely related. A conceptual adsorption–desorption model was proposed to further explain the relationship between the sorption hysteresis and stability of MWCNTs suspension under different initial concentrations of nitrobenzene. This provided data support to further clarify the environmental behaviors and risks of CNTs.

Little is known about whether soil microbial population dynamics are correlated with forest succession.To test the hypotheses that（1） soil microbial composition changes over successional stages,and（2） soil microbial diversity is positively correlated with plant species diversity,we determined the soil microbial populations,community composition,and microflora diversity in evergreen broad-leaved forests along a chronosequence of vegetation succession from 5 to 300 years in southwestern China.The soil microbial community was mainly composed of bacteria（87.1-98.7% of the total microorganisms and 10 genera identified）,fungi（0.3-4.0%,7 genera）,and actinomycetes（2.1-9.1%,8 species and 1 genus）.There were significant differences in soil microbial populations among different successional stages and within the four seasons.The seasonal variations of the soil microbial community may be associated with the seasonal changes in environmental conditions.The changes in soil microbial diversity（Shannon-Wiener index） with successional time followed one-humped,convex curves peaked at-100 years since restoration,which is identical with the trends of the aboveground plant diversity.Higher plant diversity resulting in enhanced nutrient flow and root exudation may contribute to positive relationships between the soil microbial diversity and plant diversity.Hence,decreases in soil microbial diversity in the late-successional stages appear to be related to the net loss in species richness that occurs after 100 years since restoration.Our findings confirm the intermediate disturbance hypothesis that suggests diversity peaks at midsuccessional stages.

One of the most prominent transcription factors in higher plants, the WRKY gene family, is crucial for secondary metabolism, phytohormone signaling, plant defense responses, and plant responses to abiotic stresses. It can control the expression of a wide range of target genes by coordinating with other DNA-binding or non-DNA-binding interacting proteins. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the EfWRKY genes and initially identified 89 members of the EfWRKY transcription factor family. Using some members of the OsWRKY transcription factor family, an evolutionary tree was built using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method to classify the 89 members of the EfWRKY transcription factor family into three major taxa and one unclassified group. Molecular weights ranged from 22,614.82 to 303,622.06 Da; hydrophilicity ranged from (−0.983)–(0.159); instability coefficients ranged from 40.97–81.30; lipid coefficients ranged from 38.54–91.89; amino acid numbers ranged from 213–2738 bp; isoelectric points ranged from 4.85–10.06. A signal peptide was present in EfWRKY41 but not in the other proteins, and EfWRK85 was subcellularly localized to the cell membrane. Chromosome localization revealed that the WRKY gene was present on each chromosome, proving that the conserved pattern WRKYGQK is the family’s central conserved motif. Conserved motif analysis showed that practically all members have this motif. Analysis of the cis-acting elements indicated that, in addition to the fundamental TATA-box, CAAT-box, and light-responsive features (GT1-box), there are response elements implicated in numerous hormones, growth regulation, secondary metabolism, and abiotic stressors. These results inform further studies on the function of EfWRKY genes and will lead to the improvement of sugarcane.

One of the most prominent transcription factors in higher plants, the WRKY gene family, is crucial for secondary metabolism, phytohormone signaling, plant defense responses, and plant responses to abiotic stresses. It can control the expression of a wide range of target genes by coordinating with other DNA-binding or non-DNA-binding interacting proteins. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the EfWRKY genes and initially identified 89 members of the EfWRKY transcription factor family. Using some members of the OsWRKY transcription factor family, an evolutionary tree was built using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method to classify the 89 members of the EfWRKY transcription factor family into three major taxa and one unclassified group. Molecular weights ranged from 22,614.82 to 303,622.06 Da; hydrophilicity ranged from (−0.983)–(0.159); instability coefficients ranged from 40.97–81.30; lipid coefficients ranged from 38.54–91.89; amino acid numbers ranged from 213–2738 bp; isoelectric points ranged from 4.85–10.06. A signal peptide was present in EfWRKY41 but not in the other proteins, and EfWRK85 was subcellularly localized to the cell membrane. Chromosome localization revealed that the WRKY gene was present on each chromosome, proving that the conserved pattern WRKYGQK is the family’s central conserved motif. Conserved motif analysis showed that practically all members have this motif. Analysis of the cis-acting elements indicated that, in addition to the fundamental TATA-box, CAAT-box, and light-responsive features (GT1-box), there are response elements implicated in numerous hormones, growth regulation, secondary metabolism, and abiotic stressors. These results inform further studies on the function of EfWRKY genes and will lead to the improvement of sugarcane.

A high degree of genetic diversity among 125 peanut bradyrhizobial strains and among 32 peanut cultivars collected from different regions of China was revealed by using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique. Eighteen different peanut bradyrhizobial genotypes and six peanut cultivars were selected for symbiotic cross-inoculation experiments. The genomic diversity was reflected in the symbiotic diversity. The peanut cultivars varied in their ability to nodulate with the strains used. Some cultivars had a more restricted host range than the others. Also the strains displayed a range of nodulation patterns. In yield formation there were clear differences between the plant cultivar/bradyrhizobium combinations. There was good compatibility between some peanut bradyrhizobial strains and selected cultivars, with inoculation resulting in well-nodulated, high-yielding symbiotic combinations, but no plant cultivar was compatible with all strains used. The strains displayed a varying degree of effectiveness, with some strains being fairly effective with all cultivars and others with selected ones. The AFLP genotypes of the strains did not explain the symbiotic behavior, whereas the yield formation of the plant cultivars was more related to the genotype. It is concluded that to obtain optimal nitrogen fixation efficiency of peanut in the field, compatible plant cultivar-bradyrhizobium combinations should be selected either by finding inoculant strains compatible with the plant cultivars used, or plant cultivars compatible with the indigenous bradyrhizobia.

The additive noise is a common type of noise in signal processing. Although its existence does not depend on the input signal, it has a great interference on the useful signal. In the field of information hiding, additive noise and de-noising is also an important research direction and is crucial for the security. In this paper, different information hiding methods of linear carrier are analyzed and the pros and cons of each way are compared. Beside this, a deep research is carried on the effect of Gaussian noise and Salt & Pepper noise on each method. The simulation comparison shows that additive noise has a great influence on information hiding, and under the same noise intensity, the method of hiding information based on the difference of concave and convex square waves has stronger robustness.

Quercetin is a flavonoid compound widely present in plants and exhibits a variety of biological activities. Research on quercetin has shown its potential for medical application. In this research, we elucidate its antioxidant mechanism and the broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiparasite properties; summarise its potential application in antioncology and cardiovascular protection and anti-immunosuppression treatment; and demonstrate its ability to alleviate the toxicity of mycotoxins. This research is expected to offer some insights and inspirations for the further study of quercetin, its properties, and the scientific basis for its better application in clinical practice.