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To explore the treatment-efficient photocatalytic system for organic peroxide production wastewater under visible light, the g-C3N4 catalyst, synthesized via thermal polycondensation, exhibited distinct optical absorption properties confirmed by UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS). Operational parameters—specifically pH, catalyst loading, light intensity, and reaction time—were systematically optimized. Under optimal conditions (pH 5, g-C3N4 dosage 1.0 g/L, light intensity 1300 W/m2, reaction time 4 h), the system removed 72.8% of the COD, significantly enhancing the wastewater biodegradability (B/C ratio increased from 0.118 to 0.193). Analytical techniques, including gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, verified the effective decomposition of organic contaminants. Furthermore, radical quenching assays identified superoxide radicals (·O2−) and photogenerated electrons (e−) as the primary reactive species driving the photocatalytic process, highlighting the potential of g-C3N4 for industrial wastewater pretreatment.

Lignocellulose is an important renewable biomass resource. However, at present, there is a lack of efficient and environmentally friendly catalytic systems that can selectively convert lignocellulose components into high-value sugars, and the value realization of agricultural waste (such as straw) remains challenging. Carbon-based solid acids are used in the valorization of biomass due to their simple preparation and excellent catalytic performance. In this study, the magnetic carbon microspheres catalyst was prepared using concentrated sulfuric acid and hydroxyethyl sulfonic acid as sulfonating agents. Two sulfonation catalysts were applied to the hydrolysis of typical agricultural waste (rice straw). The performance of catalyst conversion to reducing sugar was compared, and the glucose yield was lower than 30%. The sulfonation catalyst of hydroxyethyl sulfonic acid obtained a higher yield of pentose (76.67%) than that of concentrated sulfuric acid (74.25%) in 110 min. The optimal reaction conditions were found: substrate was 0.04 g straw, catalyst was 0.04 g, H2O/γ-valerolactone ratio was 8:2 in the solvent, and the reaction time was 110 min at 140 °C. Under these conditions, the sulfonation properties of hydroxyethyl sulfonic acid as a green sulfonating agent are similar to those of concentrated sulfuric acid. Its excellent catalytic performance is attributed to the medium B/L acid density ratio on the catalyst surface. In addition, the prepared catalyst can be effectively separated from the reaction residue in the catalytic system. This work provides a green catalytic system for the high-value utilization of agricultural waste from renewable carbon sources.

To investigate the treatment performance of a CuTiO3 photocatalytic system for organic peroxide production wastewater under visible light, CuTiO3 powder prepared through the hydrothermal method was used for this experiment. The light absorption properties of the CuTiO3 catalyst were analyzed using Uv-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (Uv-Vis DRS). The effects of the initial pH, photocatalyst dosage, light intensity, and reaction duration on the photocatalytic reaction were examined. Before and after the reaction, the changes in pollutant components in water were characterized via three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectrometry (3D-EEM) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS); the changes in the concentrations of some pollutants were analyzed via wavelength scanning. The results indicated that CuTiO3 has a good response to visible light. Under the optimized conditions (initial pH = 5, CuTiO3 dosage = 1.2 g/L, light intensity = 1300 W/m2, duration = 4 h), the COD removal rate reached 58%, and the B/C (BOD5/COD) ratio of wastewater increased from 0.112 to 0.221, demonstrating a good pretreatment effect. GC-MS analysis demonstrated significant degradation effects on amide and hydride substances. Radical capture experiments verified hydroxyl radicals as the dominant species in CuTiO3 photocatalysis. Visible-light photocatalysis using CuTiO3 provides an efficient pretreatment pathway for organic peroxide production wastewater.

Kaempferitrin (KAE) is a natural flavonol dirhamnopyranoside with various pharmacological activities, isolated from the antithrombotic fraction of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. This study aimed to investigate the antithrombotic activity and “effective forms” of KAE. The results showed that KAE significantly prolonged rabbit plasma recalcification time in vitro. In the FeCl3-induced rat arterial thrombosis model, KAE demonstrated antithrombotic effects by inhibiting coagulation, platelet aggregation, and fibrinolysis, with a lesser risk of bleeding compared to aspirin. KAE was orally administered to rats, and a total of 192 metabolites were characterized. These included 25 phase I metabolites, 8 hydroxylated and methylated metabolites, 57 sulfated metabolites, 74 glucuronidated metabolites, 26 sulfated and glucuronidated metabolites, and 2 glycosylated metabolites. Twenty-eight compounds were considered the in vivo “effective forms” of KAE for their antithrombotic activity. Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations collectively predict that these “effective forms” may exert antithrombotic effects by suppressing the SRC/PI3K/AKT pathway. This study provides a foundation for a better understanding of the in vivo “effective forms” and mechanisms underlying KAE’s antithrombotic activity, which is essential for understanding of “hexue” traditional efficacy of C. orbiculatus.

What are the main findings? * The RadarsBEV framework introduces a scalable, modular architecture that decouples per-sensor feature extraction from the central fusion process, enabling permutation-invariant multi-radar perception. * A novel physics-aware Gaussian cross-attention mechanism explicitly models radar target spatial uncertainty, effectively decoupling feature sampling from high-intensity environmental clutter. The RadarsBEV framework introduces a scalable, modular architecture that decouples per-sensor feature extraction from the central fusion process, enabling permutation-invariant multi-radar perception. A novel physics-aware Gaussian cross-attention mechanism explicitly models radar target spatial uncertainty, effectively decoupling feature sampling from high-intensity environmental clutter. What are the implications of the main findings? * The decoupled architectural design inherently guarantees graceful degradation, allowing the system to maintain continuous, high-accuracy target detection even during abrupt sensor dropouts. * By relying on physical signal priors rather than rigid network topologies, the model achieves robust zero-shot generalization across entirely unseen sensor layouts and degraded operational environments without any retraining. The decoupled architectural design inherently guarantees graceful degradation, allowing the system to maintain continuous, high-accuracy target detection even during abrupt sensor dropouts. By relying on physical signal priors rather than rigid network topologies, the model achieves robust zero-shot generalization across entirely unseen sensor layouts and degraded operational environments without any retraining. Multi-radar fusion is fundamental for robust, all-weather perception for diverse applications. However, current fusion paradigms face structural and computational bottlenecks. Traditional statistical frameworks suffer from an explosion of dimensional calculation, where computational complexity scales with the number of active sensor nodes. Concurrently, existing statistical and deep learning fusion models exhibit systemic brittleness; their rigid topological binding to predefined sensor counts leads to a drop in performance during sensor dropouts. Furthermore, generic attention mechanisms suffer a phenomenological mismatch with radar signals, neglecting the spatial features of radar targets and leading to false alarms. To overcome these limitations, we propose RadarsBEV, a scalable end-to-end multi-radar detection framework. By decoupling per-sensor feature extraction from the central spatial fusion process, RadarsBEV achieves permutation invariance. This design breaks the scalability limit and enables graceful degradation utilizing residual nodes without system downtime. Crucially, we introduce a physics-aware Gaussian cross-attention mechanism. By guiding sparse feature sampling through predicted two-dimensional Gaussian target geometry, this mechanism decouples attention weights from clutter signal. Extensive experiments on high-fidelity simulations and real-world datasets demonstrate that RadarsBEV achieves better detection performance. Notably, the framework exhibits robust configuration zero-shot generalization, adapting to entirely unseen spatial layouts and degraded operational environments without fine-tuning.

Juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (JALS) is an uncommon form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis whose age at onset (AAO) is defined as prior to 25 years. FUS mutations are the most common cause of JALS. SPTLC1 was recently identified as a disease-causative gene for JALS, which has rarely been reported in Asian populations. Little is known regarding the difference in clinical features between JALS patients carrying FUS and SPTLC1 mutations. This study aimed to screen mutations in JALS patients and to compare the clinical features between JALS patients with FUS and SPTLC1 mutations. Sixteen JALS patients were enrolled, including three newly recruited patients between July 2015 and August 2018 from the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. Mutations were screened by whole-exome sequencing. In addition, clinical features such as AAO, onset site and disease duration were extracted and compared between JALS patients carrying FUS and SPTLC1 mutations through a literature review. A novel and de novo SPTLC1 mutation (c.58G>A, p.A20T) was identified in a sporadic patient. Among 16 JALS patients, 7/16 carried FUS mutations and 5/16 carried respective SPTLC1 , SETX , NEFH , DCTN1 , and TARDBP mutations. Compared with FUS mutation patients, those with SPTLC1 mutations had an earlier AAO (7.9 ± 4.6 years vs. 18.1 ± 3.9 years, P  < 0.01), much longer disease duration (512.0 [416.7-607.3] months vs. 33.4 [21.6-45.1] months, P  < 0.01), and no onset of bulbar. Our findings expand the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of JALS and help to better understand the genotype-phenotype correlation of JALS.

This retrospective study investigated coinfection with Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and Mycoplasma hominis (MH) among patients with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) in southern China to support clinical diagnosis and treatment. A total of 1,138 specimens from patients with gonorrhea were tested for UU, CT, MH, and other pathogens using culture methods, electrochemiluminescence, and fluorescence quantitative PCR. Among the 1,138 patients with NG, 526 (46.2%) were coinfected with at least one additional pathogen. The most frequent coinfection patterns involving UU, CT, or MH were NG+UU (235, 20.7%), NG+CT (173, 15.2%), and NG+MH (90, 7.9%). Coinfections with two or more additional pathogens occurred in 171 patients (15.0%): NG+UU+MH (82, 7.2%), NG+UU+CT (53, 4.7%), NG+MH+CT (21, 1.8%), and NG+UU+MH+CT (15, 1.3%). The distribution of coinfections differed by age group for NG+UU (χ2 = 12.23, df = 5, p = .032) and NG+CT (χ2 = 29.05, df = 5, p < .001), and women showed a higher rate of NG+UU coinfection than men (χ2 = 24.30, df = 1, p < .001). Overall, mixed infections involving UU, CT, and MH were common among patients with NG, supporting comprehensive sexually transmitted infections screening to reduce missed diagnoses, treatment delays, and transmission.

Isoflurane and related anesthetics are widely used to anesthetize children, ranging from premature babies to adolescents. Concerns have been raised about the safety of these anesthetics in pediatric patients, particularly regarding possible negative effects on cognition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of repeated isoflurane exposure of juvenile and mature animals on cognition and neurogenesis. Postnatal day 14 (P14) rats and mice, as well as adult (P60) rats, were anesthetized with isoflurane for 35 mins daily for four successive days. Object recognition, place learning and reversal learning as well as cell death and cytogenesis were evaluated. Object recognition and reversal learning were significantly impaired in isoflurane-treated young rats and mice, whereas adult animals were unaffected, and these deficits became more pronounced as the animals grew older. The memory deficit was paralleled by a decrease in the hippocampal stem cell pool and persistently reduced neurogenesis, subsequently causing a reduction in the number of dentate gyrus granule cell neurons in isoflurane-treated rats. There were no signs of increased cell death of progenitors or neurons in the hippocampus. These findings show a previously unknown mechanism of neurotoxicity, causing cognitive deficits in a clearly age-dependent manner.

Wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina ( Pt ) is one of the most serious diseases affecting wheat worldwide. Given that China is the world’s largest wheat-producing country, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the temporal and spatial dynamics of wheat leaf rust epidemics. This study investigated the population structure of Pt across different wheat leaf rust epidemic seasons in Gansu and Shaanxi provinces. Samples were collected in the 2020 winter from Gansu and Shaanxi, and during the 2021 spring and summer from eight additional provinces: Shandong, Henan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Hubei, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Xinjiang. Population genetics analysis was conducted using 12 pairs of Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The results indicated that the genetic diversity of the samples was highest in Shandong (SD) and Shaanxi in the 2020 winter (SN_20w), and Shaanxi in the 2021 summer (SN_21s), while Xinjiang (XJ) exhibited the lowest genetic diversity. Population structure analysis revealed six distinct genetic backgrounds across the 10 populations, with SN_20w and XJ showing greater genetic distances compared to other populations. There was less genetic differentiation and strong gene flow between pairwise populations of Henan (HA) and SN_21s, SD and Gansu in the winter of 2020 (GS_20w), Gansu in the summer of 2021 (GS_21s) and Hubei (HB), and GS_20w and HB, with six shared multi-locus genotypes detected among four pairwise populations. Integrating population genetic analysis, horizontal wind field analysis, topographic analysis, and the sampling timeline, this study concluded that the winter populations of Pt in the Guanzhong region experienced dominance shifts, with limited impact on the wheat leaf rust epidemic of 2021. In the 2021 epidemic season, two pathways of pathogen dispersal were proposed: (1) from the Guanzhong basin to Henan province; (2) through the Hanshui River Valley to Hubei province. These findings provide valuable insights into the spatial dynamics of wheat leaf rust and inform targeted prevention and control strategies.

Background::Juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (JALS) is an uncommon form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis whose age at onset (AAO) is defined as prior to 25 years. FUS mutations are the most common cause of JALS. SPTLC1 was recently identified as a disease-causative gene for JALS, which has rarely been reported in Asian populations. Little is known regarding the difference in clinical features between JALS patients carrying FUS and SPTLC1 mutations. This study aimed to screen mutations in JALS patients and to compare the clinical features between JALS patients with FUS and SPTLC1 mutations. Methods::Sixteen JALS patients were enrolled, including three newly recruited patients between July 2015 and August 2018 from the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. Mutations were screened by whole-exome sequencing. In addition, clinical features such as AAO, onset site and disease duration were extracted and compared between JALS patients carrying FUS and SPTLC1 mutations through a literature review. Results::A novel and de novo SPTLC1 mutation (c.58G>A, p.A20T) was identified in a sporadic patient. Among 16 JALS patients, 7/16 carried FUS mutations and 5/16 carried respective SPTLC1, SETX, NEFH, DCTN1, and TARDBP mutations. Compared with FUS mutation patients, those with SPTLC1 mutations had an earlier AAO (7.9 ± 4.6 years vs. 18.1 ± 3.9 years, P < 0.01), much longer disease duration (512.0 [416.7-607.3] months vs. 33.4 [21.6-45.1] months, P < 0.01), and no onset of bulbar. Conclusion::Our findings expand the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of JALS and help to better understand the genotype-phenotype correlation of JALS.