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"Li, Jiang"
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Lotus & Feather
A lonely girl finds a friend when she and her grandfather rescue an wounded crane.
Book
The biomarkers related to immune related adverse events caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors
The enthusiasm for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), an efficient tumor treatment model different from traditional treatment, is based on their unprecedented antitumor effect, but the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) is an obstacle to the prospect of ICI treatment. IrAEs are a discrete toxicity caused by the nonspecific activation of the immune system and can affect almost all tissues and organs. Currently, research on biomarkers mainly focuses on the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine system, skin and lung. Several potential hypotheses concentrate on the overactivation of the immune system, excessive release of inflammatory cytokines, elevated levels of pre-existing autoantibodies, and presence of common antigens between tumors and normal tissues. This review lists the current biomarkers that might predict irAEs and their possible mechanisms for both nonspecific and organ-specific biomarkers. However, the prediction of irAEs remains a major clinical challenge to screen and identify patients who are susceptible to irAEs and likely to benefit from ICIs.
Journal Article
فتاة الوشاح الأحمر من ذاكرة الثورة الثقافية
رواية فتاة الوشاح الأحمر من ذاكرة الثورة الثقافية في الصين كتبت بالإنكليزية عن الفتاة جي لي يانج التي كانت عام 1966 في الثانية عشرة من عمرها وطالبة متميزة ولديها كل ما تصبو إليه : الذكاء والمقدرة وإعجاب ومستقبل باهر. لكن هذا الوضع تغير مع بدء الثورة الثقافية حين صار الذكاء جريمة وحين أمسي الرفاه المادي لعائلة ما في السابق، مدعاة للاضطهاد وسلب الكرامة والمراقبة وكيل التهم الملفقة ومصادرة أثاث البيت. كذلك أهينت جي لي يانج وعائلتها طوال السنين الثلاث التي تسرد الرواية وقائعها بلغة مبسطة وكأنها شاهدة أكثر مما تمارس دور الإيحاء واللعب على مديات اللغة. عاشت عائلة الفتاة في ظل خوف دائم وتخلي أصاحبهم وجيرانهم وزملائهم عنهم لمجرد أن فلسفة الزعيم ماو الثقافية تصادر كل ما له علاقة بالقديمات الأربع ومحاسبة الأشخاص على ثراء آبائهم وتصنيف العوائل حسب وضعها الطبقي إلى سوداء عندما تتمتع بشيء من الرخاء أو كانت كذلك فيما مضى وفتح الباب أمام الطبقات الهامشية والفقراء للاستحواذ على ممتلكاتها الشخصية !
Book
Single-cell transcriptomic analysis defines the interplay between tumor cells, viral infection, and the microenvironment in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancy with a complex tumor ecosystem. How the interplay between tumor cells, EBV, and the microenvironment contributes to NPC progression and immune evasion remains unclear. Here we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on ~104,000 cells from 19 EBV
+
NPCs and 7 nonmalignant nasopharyngeal biopsies, simultaneously profiling the transcriptomes of malignant cells, EBV, stromal and immune cells. Overall, we identified global upregulation of interferon responses in the multicellular ecosystem of NPC. Notably, an epithelial–immune dual feature of malignant cells was discovered and associated with poor prognosis. Functional experiments revealed that tumor cells with this dual feature exhibited a higher capacity for tumorigenesis. Further characterization of the cellular components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and their interactions with tumor cells revealed that the dual feature of tumor cells was positively correlated with the expression of co-inhibitory receptors on CD8
+
tumor-infiltrating T cells. In addition, tumor cells with the dual feature were found to repress IFN-γ production by T cells, demonstrating their capacity for immune suppression. Our results provide new insights into the multicellular ecosystem of NPC and offer important clinical implications.
Journal Article
Surface ocean pH and buffer capacity: past, present and future
The ocean’s chemistry is changing due to the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO
2
). This phenomenon, commonly referred to as “Ocean Acidification”, is endangering coral reefs and the broader marine ecosystems. In this study, we combine a recent observational seawater CO
2
data product, i.e., the 6
th
version of the Surface Ocean CO
2
Atlas (1991–2018, ~23 million observations), with temporal trends at individual locations of the global ocean from a robust Earth System Model to provide a high-resolution regionally varying view of global surface ocean pH and the Revelle Factor. The climatology extends from the pre-Industrial era (1750 C.E.) to the end of this century under historical atmospheric CO
2
concentrations (pre-2005) and the Representative Concentrations Pathways (post-2005) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)’s 5
th
Assessment Report. By linking the modeled pH trends to the observed modern pH distribution, the climatology benefits from recent improvements in both model design and observational data coverage, and is likely to provide improved regional OA trajectories than the model output could alone, therefore, will help guide the regional OA adaptation strategies. We show that air-sea CO
2
disequilibrium is the dominant mode of spatial variability for surface pH, and discuss why pH and calcium carbonate mineral saturation states, two important metrics for OA, show contrasting spatial variability.
Journal Article
Implementing digital computing with DNA-based switching circuits
DNA strand displacement reactions (SDRs) provide a set of intelligent toolboxes for developing molecular computation. Whereas SDR-based logic gate circuits have achieved a high level of complexity, the scale-up for practical achievable computational tasks remains a hurdle. Switching circuits that were originally proposed by Shannon in 1938 and nowadays widely used in telecommunication represent an alternative and efficient means to realize fast-speed and high-bandwidth communication. Here we develop SDR-based DNA switching circuits (DSCs) for implementing digital computing. Using a routing strategy on a programmable DNA switch canvas, we show that arbitrary Boolean functions can be represented by DSCs and implemented with molecular switches with high computing speed. We further demonstrate the implementation of full-adder and square-rooting functions using DSCs, which only uses down to 1/4 DNA strands as compared with a dual-rail logic expression-based design. We expect that DSCs provide a design paradigm for digital computation with biomolecules.
DNA strand displacement reactions can be difficult to scale up for computational tasks. Here the authors develop DNA switching circuits that achieve high-speed computing with fewer molecules.
Journal Article
Artificial exosomes for translational nanomedicine
Exosomes are lipid bilayer membrane vesicles and are emerging as competent nanocarriers for drug delivery. The clinical translation of exosomes faces many challenges such as massive production, standard isolation, drug loading, stability and quality control. In recent years, artificial exosomes are emerging based on nanobiotechnology to overcome the limitations of natural exosomes. Major types of artificial exosomes include ‘nanovesicles (NVs)’, ‘exosome-mimetic (EM)’ and ‘hybrid exosomes (HEs)’, which are obtained by top-down, bottom-up and biohybrid strategies, respectively. Artificial exosomes are powerful alternatives to natural exosomes for drug delivery. Here, we outline recent advances in artificial exosomes through nanobiotechnology and discuss their strengths, limitations and future perspectives. The development of artificial exosomes holds great values for translational nanomedicine.
Journal Article