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Traditional cooling systems consume tremendous amounts of energy and thus aggravate the greenhouse effect 1 , 2 . Passive radiative cooling, dissipating an object’s heat through an atmospheric transparency window (8–13 μm) to outer space without any energy consumption, has attracted much attention 3 – 9 . The unique feature of radiative cooling lies in the high emissivity in the atmospheric transparency window through which heat can be dissipated to the universe. Therefore, for achieving high cooling performance, the design and fabrication of selective emitters, with emission strongly dominant in the transparency window, is of essential importance, as such spectral selection suppresses parasitic absorption from the surrounding thermal radiation. Recently, various materials and structures with tailored spectrum responses have been investigated to achieve the effect of daytime radiative cooling 6 – 8 , 10 – 15 . However, most of the radiative cooling materials reported possess broad-band absorption/emission covering the whole mid-infrared wavelength 11 – 15 . Here we demonstrate that a hierarchically designed polymer nanofibre-based film, produced by a scalable electrostatic spinning process, enables selective mid-infrared emission, effective sunlight reflection and therefore excellent all-day radiative cooling performance. Specifically, the C–O–C (1,260–1,110 cm −1 ) and C–OH (1,239–1,030 cm −1 ) bonding endows the selective emissivity of 78% in 8–13 μm wavelength range, and the design of nanofibres with a controlled diameter allows for a high reflectivity of 96.3% in 0.3–2.5 μm wavelength range. As a result, we observe ~3 °C cooling improvement of this selective thermal emitter as compared to that of a non-selective emitter at night, and 5 °C sub-ambient cooling under sunlight. The impact of this hierarchically designed selective thermal emitter on alleviating global warming and temperature regulating an Earth-like planet is also analysed, with a significant advantage demonstrated. With its excellent cooling performance and a scalable process, this hierarchically designed selective thermal emitter opens a new pathway towards large-scale applications of all-day radiative cooling materials. A hierarchically designed polymer nanofibre-based film produced by a scalable electrospinning process enables selective mid-infrared emission and effective sunlight reflection, and thus realizes an excellent all-day radiative cooling performance.

Decreasing energy consumption is critical to sustainable development. Because temperature regulation for human comfort consumes vast amounts of energy, substantial research efforts are currently directed towards developing passive personal thermal management techniques that cool the human body without any energy consumption 1 – 9 . Although various cooling textile designs have been proposed previously, textile-based daytime radiative cooling to a temperature below ambient has not been realized 6 – 13 . Silk, a natural protein fabric produced by moth caterpillars, is famous for its shimmering appearance and its cooling and comforting sensation on skin 14 – 17 . It has been recently recognized that silk, with its optical properties derived from its hierarchical microstructure, may represent a promising starting point for exploring daytime radiative cooling 18 – 21 . However, the intrinsic absorption of protein in the ultraviolet region prevents natural silk from achieving net cooling under sunlight. Here we explore the nanoprocessing of silk through a molecular bonding design and scalable coupling reagent-assisted dip-coating method, and demonstrate that nanoprocessed silk can achieve subambient daytime radiative cooling. Under direct sunlight (peak solar irradiance >900 W m – 2 ) we observed a temperature of ~3.5 °C below ambient (for an ambient temperature of ~35 °C) for stand-alone nanoprocessed silks. We also observed a temperature reduction of 8 °C for a simulated skin when coated with nanoprocessed silk, compared with natural silk. This subambient daytime radiative cooling of nanoprocessed silk was achieved without compromising its wearability and comfort. This strategy of tailoring natural fabrics through scalable nanoprocessing techniques opens up new pathways to realizing thermoregulatory materials and provides an innovative way to sustainable energy. Processing silk through a molecular bonding design and scalable coupling reagent-assisted dip-coating method can lead to subambient daytime radiative cooling.

The rapid expansion of online education has intensified the need to investigate the multifactorial determinants of university students’ satisfaction with digital learning platforms. While prior studies have often examined technical or pedagogical components in isolation, limited attention has been paid to their interaction with students’ psychological well-being, particularly through nonlinear mechanisms. To address this gap, this study employs a Random Forest–based framework to model satisfaction using a multidimensional dataset from 782 university students. Measured variables included platform usability, content quality, emotional experience, and self-regulation. Data were standardized via Z-scores, and class imbalance was addressed using the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE). Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, F1-score, and area under the ROC curve (AUC). Results identified platform stability and content update frequency as the most influential predictors, with AUC values exceeding 0.95 across most satisfaction levels. Psychological factors—especially perceived enjoyment and emotional stability—also contributed significantly. Partial dependence plots revealed threshold and saturation effects, highlighting complex nonlinear patterns missed by traditional linear models. However, performance declined in predicting low-satisfaction cases (AUC = 0.70), likely due to subgroup underrepresentation. This study contributes theoretically by integrating cognitive-affective dimensions, methodologically by demonstrating the utility of machine learning in modeling nonlinear interactions, and practically by providing actionable insights for platform optimization. Future research should incorporate additional psychological constructs, such as cognitive load and resilience, and apply the model across more diverse learner populations to enhance generalizability and support inclusive, user-centered digital education.

Interactive installation art provides a distinctive context for examining collective emotion, yet most prior studies have relied on laboratory or longitudinal data that are impractical in public cultural settings. This study applied Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to self-reported well-being data from HappyHere , a participatory light installation at the National Galleries of Scotland. Despite the cross-sectional design, the HMM framework enabled inference of latent affective states and probabilistic differentiation patterns, stability, and convergence patterns. The results show four key findings. First, three qualitatively distinct latent states were identified: a low/negative cluster (M ≈ 1.5), a moderately positive cluster (M ≈ 3.5), and a ceiling-level, highly positive cluster (all M = 5.0), confirming clear differentiation (H1). Second, positive states proved the most stable, with the highest self-transition probability (0.875) and the longest dwell time (≈ 3.4 steps), supporting H2. Third, neutral states were comparatively unstable, showing the lowest self-transition probability (0.093) and a tendency to shift toward positivity, consistent with H3. Finally, the stationary distribution strongly favored positivity, with positive states Reaching 86.3%, neutral states 7.5%, and negative states 6.2%. Minor diurnal variation was observed, but effect sizes were negligible, confirming the enduring predominance of positivity (H4). The findings demonstrate that even cross-sectional cultural datasets can yield meaningful insights through probabilistic modelling. Positive affect emerged as the most stable and dominant attractor, underscoring the capacity of participatory art to regulate emotion and foster collective well-being.

Radiative cooling is a zero-energy technology that enables subambient cooling by emitting heat into outer space (~3 K) through the atmospheric transparent windows. However, existing designs typically focus only on the main atmospheric transparent window (8–13 μm) and ignore another window (16–25 μm), under-exploiting their cooling potential. Here, we show a dual-selective radiative cooling design based on a scalable thermal emitter, which exhibits selective emission in both atmospheric transparent windows and reflection in the remaining mid-infrared and solar wavebands. As a result, the dual-selective thermal emitter exhibits an ultrahigh subambient cooling capacity (~9 °C) under strong sunlight, surpassing existing typical thermal emitters (≥3 °C cooler) and commercial counterparts (as building materials). Furthermore, the dual-selective sample also exhibits high weather resistance and color compatibility, indicating a high practicality. This work provides a scalable and practical radiative cooling design for sustainable thermal management. Radiative cooling is a sustainable subambient cooling technology. Here, authors show a scalable and practical design of a dual-selective thermal emitter that is shown to have enhanced radiative cooling potential over existing typical designs.

Matrine is a quinoline alkaloid extracted and separated from the dried root, fruit, and other parts of the plant Sophora flavescens using an organic solvent. Matrine exhibits a variety of biological activities and is widely used in pharmacy, agronomy, and other fields. Due to its low bioavailability, poor chemical stability, and toxicity to the central nervous system, a large number of researchers have searched for matrine derivatives with higher biological activity and safety by modifying its structure. In this review article, the research progress of matrine derivatives obtained using two methods (extraction from Sophora flavescens and structural modifications) from 2018 to 2022 in terms of pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, and structure–activity relationship are presented. The modification of matrine over the past five years has been mainly on the D-ring. Many new matrine alkaloids have been extracted from natural products, some of which have good pharmacological activity, which broadens the strategy for matrine structural modification in the future.

A field dynamic balancer is crucial to the applications of magnetically suspended turbomolecular pumps. Therefore, this paper presents a novel field dynamic balancing method based on autocentering control mode without any additional instrumentation. Firstly, the dynamics of the active magnetic bearing rotor system with unbalance are modeled. Through model analysis, it was found that making the rotor rotate around the geometric axis can improve the accuracy of dynamic balancing. Secondly, the relationship between the correcting masses and the synchronous currents based on the influence coefficient method is established. Then, an autocentering controller is designed to make the rotor rotate around the geometric axis. The synchronous currents can be detected and extracted by the current transducers to calculate the unbalance correction mass. Finally, the experimental results show that this novel field dynamic balancing method can effectively eliminate the majority of rotor unbalance. Compared with the original unbalance of a rotor, the synchronous current in the A-end has been reduced by 71.4% and the synchronous current in the B-end, by 90.8% with the proposed method.

Body weight is related to both diabetes and cognitive impairment; however, the associations between body mass index (BMI) and cognitive impairment have been reported less frequently among diabetes patients. A total of 1355 patients with type 2 diabetes aged ≥ 60 years were included in this study. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was administered to assess participants’ cognitive status. We collected self-reported body weight, weight loss and appetite loss data using questionnaires. Associations between body weight status (in childhood, midlife age, and late life), weight loss, appetite changes and cognitive impairment were explored using logistic regression. Among the participants, 41.7% exhibited cognitive impairment. Overweight in childhood and late life was associated with cognitive impairment among diabetes patients (OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.52–4.55; OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.03–1.69). Diabetes patients with cognitive impairment were more likely to report a body weight decline and appetite reduction in the past three months (OR 4.18, 95% CI 2.61–6.71; OR 4.41, 95% CI 2.67–7.29). Higher BMI, weight loss, and appetite reduction were positively correlated with cognitive impairment. Given the risk of cognitive impairment, we suggest that body weight and BMI decline should be monitored in patients with diabetes.

Converting solar energy into fuels is pursued as an attractive route to reduce dependence on fossil fuel. In this context, photothermal catalysis is a very promising approach through converting photons into heat to drive catalytic reactions. There are mainly three key factors that govern the photothermal catalysis performance: maximized solar absorption, minimized thermal emission and excellent catalytic property of catalyst. However, the previous research has focused on improving solar absorption and catalytic performance of catalyst, largely neglected the optimization of thermal emission. Here, we demonstrate an optically selective catalyst based Ti 3 C 2 T x Janus design, that enables minimized thermal emission, maximized solar absorption and good catalytic activity simultaneously, thereby achieving excellent photothermal catalytic performance. When applied to Sabatier reaction and reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) as demonstrations, we obtain an approximately 300% increase in catalytic yield through reducing the thermal emission of catalyst by ~70% under the same irradiation intensity. It is worth noting that the CO 2 methanation yield reaches 3317.2 mmol g Ru −1 h −1 at light power of 2 W cm −2 , setting a performance record among catalysts without active supports. We expect that this design opens up a new pathway for the development of high-performance photothermal catalysts. Photothermal catalysis, which converts photons into heat to drive catalytic reactions, is a highly promising approach. Here, the authors demonstrate an optically selective catalyst based on a Ti 3 C 2 T x Janus design which minimizes thermal emission, maximizes solar absorption, and maintains good catalytic activity, resulting in excellent photothermal catalytic performance.

In the construction of an F‐type cross‐passage in an overlapping‐type shield tunnel using the artificial ground freezing method, the development of the distal frozen wall is difficult to control, and ground deformation is influenced by the superimposed disturbance of successive construction steps. Existing studies are insufficient to fully characterize the evolution of the frozen temperature field and frozen displacement field. To address this, the F‐type cross‐passage between Lingbi Road Station and Yaoyuan Road Station of Hefei Metro Line 8 adopted measures such as installing inclined freeze pipes for reinforcement and applying time‐sequence construction to control the distal cooling capacity and ground displacement field. Numerical simulation combined with analysis of field test data was conducted to investigate the evolution laws of the frozen temperature field and frozen displacement field in this F‐type cross‐passage. The results indicate that by installing long inclined freeze pipes on both sides of the main frozen reinforcement zone, the minimum thickness of the frozen wall at the control section ( X = −12.03 m) reached 2.51 m after 55 days of active freezing, satisfying the design requirements. At the same time, after 55 days of ground freezing, the soil temperature in the central region of the Y = 0 m section ranged from 2.5°C to −2.5°C. This indicates that the soil was at the critical freezing temperature, which is favorable for the underground excavation of the F‐type cross‐passage. Regarding ground deformation, during both the freezing reinforcement and excavation stages, a pancake‐shaped heave/settlement zone appeared on the surface above the cross‐passage, with slight shifts in its center position. The surface displacement field generally showed a decreasing or increasing trend outward from this central position.