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The heterogeneous viscosity distribution of biodegraded heavy oil poses significant challenges for reservoir management. While molecular markers (biomarkers) reflect biodegradation intensity, existing models fail to establish quantitative correlations between biomarker signatures and viscosity due to multicollinearity in high-dimensional geochemical data. This study develops an integrated machine learning framework to decode biomarker-viscosity relationships in the Songliao Basin heavy oils. Our dual-phase methodology combines ridge regression for multicollinearity mitigation with a feedforward neural network (FFNN) to capture nonlinear interactions. Key biomarkers were identified through geochemical analysis of 17 heavy oil samples spanning PM0-PM6 biodegradation levels. The hybrid model achieved exceptional prediction accuracy (R 2 = 0.99996, RMSE = 3.39) through L2-regularized feature selection and neural network optimization, outperforming standalone FFNN models (cross-validation R 2 improvement from 0.032 to 0.99996). Reverse prediction experiments validated biomarker response patterns, even in severely biodegraded oils. The advanced machine learning model proposed in this study is applicable to predict the viscosity of heavy oil and its biomarkers, thereby improving reservoir management strategies. Additionally, this study contributes a new perspective on characterizing and managing the reservoirs of various geological backgrounds and origins, not just biodegradable heavy oil reservoirs.

Introduction Effective immunotherapeutic treatment of solid tumors has been greatly challenged by the complex hostile tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIME), which typically involves hypoxia and immunosuppression. Methods Herein, a multifunctional biomimetic gold nano-modulator (denoted as GNR-SNO@MMT ) was developed to realize the efficient second near-infrared (NIR-II) photothermal immunotherapy via tumor targeting and deep penetration, vascular normalization and immune reprogramming. NIR-II photothermal agent gold nanorods (GNR) were grafted with thermosensitive S-nitrosothiol (SNO) donors and camouflaged with the tumor-penetrating peptide tLyp-1-modified macrophage membrane (MM) to yield GNR-SNO@MMT . Results The engineered membrane coating increased the capacity for tumor inflammatory tropism and deep penetration, which aided GNR-SNO@MMT in ablating tumors together with NIR-II laser irradiation. Moreover, hyperthermia-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) release in situ acted as a gas immunomodulator to effectively enhance blood perfusion and reprogram the TIME via multiple functions (e.g., decreasing PD-L1, repolarizing tumor-associated macrophages, and revitalizing cytotoxic T cells). Ultimately, the inhibition rate against 4T1 mouse mammary tumor model mediated by GNR-SNO@MMT plus NIR-II laser was 94.7% together with 2.4-fold CD8 + T cells infiltrated into tumors than that of the untreated counterpart. Conclusions The engineered biomimetic nano-modulator of GNR-SNO@MMT provides an effective and novel photoimmunotherapy candidate against deep-sited solid tumors through immune reconfiguration via NO-involved nanomedicine and external NIR-II laser assistance. Graphical abstract

The advent of nanomedicine is profoundly revolutionizing conventional paradigms in cancer therapeutics. Selected formulations encompassing lipid nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles have already attained regulatory approval for clinical treatment. Nonetheless, achieving precise spatiotemporal control of exogenous nanomedicine within intricate physiological environments remains a formidable challenge. Drawing inspiration from evolutionarily optimized natural biological architectures, the development of biomembrane‐derived nanostructures with unique biological activities provides a new impetus for designing personalized antitumor drugs. Biomembrane‐derived constituents, particularly cell membrane, extracellular vesicles, and other bioactive payloads, have inherited their precise targeting, specific tumor killing, and dynamic tumor immunosuppressive microenvironments remodeling properties in antitumor intervention. Here, the diverse biomembrane engineering strategies to equip the biomembrane with plentiful functionalities are highlighted. Moreover, the cutting‐edge innovations of mammalian cells/bacteria/plants‐derived biomembrane nanostructures and their applications for advancing cancer nanomedicine development are systematically reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities are proposed to realize the whole potential of biomembrane nanomedicine toward clinical transformation. Naturally derived biomembrane nanostructures by mimicking evolutionarily optimized biological architectures could effectively suppress tumor growth and have emerged as a compelling strategy in translational biomedicine. This review provides a systematic overview of rational design and underlying antitumor therapeutic mechanisms of mammalian cells/bacteria/plants‐derived biomembrane nanostructures for advancing antitumor nanomedicine development.

The immense complexity and interconnectedness of inflammation and metabolism in the primary tumor ecosystem and pre-metastatic niches (PMN) present an enormous challenge for developing advanced nano-medicines for cancer immunotherapy. Herein, an intelligent tumor- and PMN-tropic bioactive “nano-med-fireman” (PsiL@M1M) was developed to not only arouse an appropriate photothermal immune cascade but also to “extinguish” the accompanying excessive inflammation. Ultimately, it aims to revitalize the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to spatiotemporally and effectively inhibit tumor metastasis and recurrence. PsiL@M1M was devised by incorporating the siRNA of lactate dehydrogenase A (siLDHA) on the functionalized photothermal mesoporous polydopamine (mPDA) and coupled with an M1-type macrophage membrane (M1M) to enable the capacity of inflammation targeting and modulation. PsiL@M1M actively accumulated and destroyed the primary tumor via photothermal therapy and subsequently mitigated the photothermal therapy-induced inflammatory cascade (e.g., epithelial mesenchymal transition) via cytokine neutralization, eliminating the supply of tumor-derived secretory factors as “nutrients” for PMN. Concurrently, siLDHA interfered with lactate (LA) production, inhibited inflammation-LA communication and relieved immune checkpoint, thus profoundly reversing the immunosuppressive microenvironment of both the primary tumor and PMN. Through cooperation, PsiL@M1M initiated normalized hypo-inflammatory photo-immunotherapy against both local tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis/recurrence. Our study provides a paradigm for a new generation of photothermal nano-medicines for the whole process of tumor treatment. Schematic representation of (A) the construction of “nano-med-fireman” (PsiL@M1M) and (B) the elicited spatiotemporal and hypo-inflammatory photo-immunotherapy against primary tumor and lung metastasis by inflammation neutralization and LA metabolic modulation. [Display omitted] •A biomimetic “nano-med-fireman” PsiL@M1M combining cytokine neutralization and lactate metabolic regulation was developed.•PsiL@M1M homes to tumor and neutralizes PTT-released inflammatory cytokines to alleviate treatment-induced inflammation.•PsiL@M1M blocks inflammation-lactate metabolic crosstalk for reprogramming the TME and reinvigorating cytotoxic T cells.•PsiL@M1M further regulates PMN to prevent tumor “seed” colonization and resist tumor metastasis/recurrence.

This study presents a single event upset (SEU) tolerant frequency divider that compares the counted number of rising clock edges with the expected value. The number of counted rising edges being less than expected generally implies that the state is corrupted resulting in faulty output, so the faulty frequency divider is reset to a proper state to correct errors. The number of counted rising edges being greater than expected generally implies that the output is corrupted by a single event transient (SET) without changing the state, hence SET tolerance does not require a reset. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can achieve high operational clock frequency and good SEU hardening capability.

Fifteen oil seepage and solid bitumen samples in the Southern Guizhou Depression were analyzed with GC-MS. Characteristics of molecular markers and carbon isotopes are discussed systemically. The results showed that the oil seepage and solid bitumen samples in the Southern Guizhou Depression could be divided into two families： Ordovician and Siluric samples, and Permian samples. The two families are different in alkanes distribution, biomarkers, aromatic hydrocarbon composition, and stable carbon isotopes; differences mainly caused by source rock variation.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), a time-honored practice rooted in natural therapeutics, has served as a cornerstone in safeguarding human health across millennia, aiding in disease mitigation and life vitality preservation. However, many TCM active ingredients suffer from poor solubility, low bioavailability, uncertain toxicity and weak targeting ability. Nanomedicine represents a modern scientific frontier, emerging from the precise engineering of unique nanoscale characteristics, with extensive applications encompassing targeted therapeutic delivery and diverse biomedical fields. Although TCM and nanomedicine diverge fundamentally in historical origins and disciplinary foundations, growing investigations demonstrate their synergistic potential. In this review, nanosized TCM has been revealed as an innovative therapeutic strategy with significant clinical value. Based on the biological activities and structural characteristics of TCM active ingredients, we classify them into two categories: natural nanostructured formulations for TCM and nano-drug delivery systems for TCM. A systematic and comprehensive analysis of preparations specific and functions to two classes of TCM nanomedicines is highlighted. Insights into the advantage of TCM nanomedicines are also introduced. Subsequently, the applications of TCM nanomedicines in the biomedical treatment, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammation and anti-bacterial are summarized. Finally, challenges and future research directions are emphasized, aiming to offer guidance for the modernization of TCM nanomedicines.

The Kashi Sag is an area with abundant gas/oil shows in the Tarim Basin of China. Identification of the sources of its oil and gas sources is important for petroleum exploration. We have applied molecular comparisons of oil sand extracts and two sets of potential source rocks from the Kashi Sag to appraise the source of the oil. The oil sand we studied is from the north limb of the Kelatuo Anticline. One of the potential source rocks is a Middle and Lower Jurassic silt-sand mudstone from Kuzigongsu Profile in the northern part of the basin, and the other is a Lower Carboniferous black shale from the Xilibili Profile in the southern part. The molecular source indicators used are the steranes, terpanes, and sesquiterpenoids in the saturated hydrocarbon fraction and the triaromatic steroids in the aromatic hydrocarbon fraction. Because great differences exist between the molecular compositions of the oil-sand extract and the Middle and Lower Jurassic mudstone, whereas the extract and the Lower Carboniferous black shale are similar, we conclude that the black shale of the Xilibili Profile in the southern part of the basin is the source rock of the sand oil.

The dolomitization of carbonate rocks has always been a hot topic in the study of the dolomite reservoir. In this study, the genesis of Cambrian dolomite in the Bachu area, Tarim Basin, was assessed through petrographic examinations, isotope compositions (C, O, and Sr), trace and rare earth elements, and fluid inclusion microthermometry. Microscopic analysis revealed three types of dolomites: very fine-crystalline, nonplanar dolomite (D1); fine-crystalline, nonplanar to planar-s dolomite (D2); and medium- to coarse-crystalline, planar-e to planar-s dolomite (D3). D1 dolomite exhibits well-preserved original sedimentary features, such as algal laminae, stromatolite, and evaporite streak, and is characterized by the 87Sr/86Sr value and δ18O value in equilibrium with the coeval seawater, its high Sr and Na content, and its low Mn content. This indicates that D1 dolomite is primarily a penecontemporaneous dolomite in tidal flat or lagoon environments, and its dolomitizing fluid is mainly evaporated mesosaline to penesaline seawater. D2 dolomite shows ghosts of precursor particles; features δ13C values in equilibrium with the coeval seawater, high 87Sr/86Sr values, low Sr content, and positive Eu anomaly; and is widely distributed close to stylolite. This illustrates that D2 dolomite was principally formed by seepage–reflux dolomitization, and is closely related to hydrothermal activity and pressure dissolution. D3 dolomite displays a crystal texture with a cloudy core and compositional zoning, and the original sedimentary fabrics cannot be identified. It has similar δ13C values and REE patterns to the calcite precipitated from coeval seawater, high 87Sr/86Sr values, low Sr contents and high Mn/Sr ratios, which suggests that D3 dolomite is chiefly related to the recrystallization of the precursor dolomite during the deep burial stage, and the deep circular brine provides Mg ions through the fluid–rock reaction. This study shows that the Cambrian dolomite in the Bachu area is mainly formed in the coeval seawater environment during the penecontemporaneous and shallow burial stages, and has extensively suffered from recrystallization and burial diagenesis due to long-term deep burial, which was further strengthened in the fracture-enriched area.