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Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites generated by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber (DF) in the hindgut. SCFAs are mainly composed of acetate, propionate and butyrate. Many studies have shown that SCFAs play a significant role in the regulation of intestinal health in poultry. SCFAs are primarily absorbed from the intestine and used by enterocytes as a key substrate for energy production. SCFAs can also inhibit the invasion and colonization of pathogens by lowering the intestinal pH. Additionally, butyrate inhibits the expression of nitric oxide synthase ( NOS ), which encodes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in intestinal cells via the PPAR-γ pathway. This pathway causes significant reduction of iNOS and nitrate, and inhibits the proliferation of Enterobacteriaceae to maintain overall intestinal homeostasis. SCFAs can enhance the immune response by stimulating cytokine production (e.g. TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10) in the immune cells of the host. Similarly, it has been established that SCFAs promote the differentiation of T cells into T regulatory cells (Tregs) and expansion by binding to receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) and G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs), on immune cells. SCFAs have been shown to repair intestinal mucosa and alleviate intestinal inflammation by activating GPRs, inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDACs), and downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factor genes. Butyrate improves tight-junction-dependent intestinal barrier function by promoting tight junction (TJ) assembly. In recent years, the demand for banning antibiotics has increased in poultry production. Therefore, it is extremely important to maintain the intestinal health and sustainable production of poultry. Taking nutrition strategies is important to regulate SCFA production by supplementing dietary fiber and prebiotics, SCFA-producing bacteria (SPB), and additives in poultry diet. However, excessive SCFAs will lead to the enteritis in poultry production. There may be an optimal level and proportion of SCFAs in poultry intestine, which benefits to gut health of poultry. This review summarizes the biological functions of SCFAs and their role in gut health, as well as nutritional strategies to regulate SCFA production in the poultry gut.

Characteristic changes in the asymmetric nature of the human brain are associated with neurodevelopmental differences related to autism. In people with autism, these differences are thought to affect brain structure and function, although the structural and functional bases of these defects are yet to be fully characterized. We applied a comprehensive meta-analysis to resting-state functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging datasets from 370 people with autism and 498 non-autistic controls using seven datasets of the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange Project. We studied the meta-effect sizes based on standardized mean differences and standard deviations (s.d.) for lateralization of gray matter volume (GMV), fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF), and regional homogeneity (ReHo). We examined the functional correlates of atypical laterality through an indirect annotation approach followed by a direct correlation analysis with symptom scores. In people with autism, 85, 51, and 51% of brain regions showed a significant diagnostic effect for lateralization in GMV, fALFF, and ReHo, respectively. Among these regions, 35.7% showed overlapping differences in lateralization in GMV, fALFF, and ReHo, particularly in regions with functional annotations for language, motor, and perceptual functions. These differences were associated with clinical measures of reciprocal social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. A meta-analysis based on s.d. showed that people with autism had lower variability in structural lateralization but higher variability in functional lateralization. These findings highlight that atypical hemispheric lateralization is a consistent feature in autism across different sites and may be used as a neurobiological marker for autism.

Background For a long time, breast cancer has been a leading cancer diagnosed in women worldwide, and approximately 90% of cancer-related deaths are caused by metastasis. For this reason, finding new biomarkers related to metastasis is an urgent task to predict the metastatic status of breast cancer and provide new therapeutic targets. Methods In this research, an efficient model of eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) optimized by a grid search algorithm is established to realize auxiliary identification of metastatic breast tumors based on gene expression. Estimated by ten-fold cross-validation, the optimized XGBoost classifier can achieve an overall higher mean AUC of 0.82 compared to other classifiers such as DT, SVM, KNN, LR, and RF. Results A novel 6-gene signature (SQSTM1, GDF9, LINC01125, PTGS2, GVINP1, and TMEM64) was selected by feature importance ranking and a series of in vitro experiments were conducted to verify the potential role of each biomarker. In general, the effects of SQSTM in tumor cells are assigned as a risk factor, while the effects of the other 5 genes (GDF9, LINC01125, PTGS2, GVINP1, and TMEM64) in immune cells are assigned as protective factors. Conclusions Our findings will allow for a more accurate prediction of the metastatic status of breast cancer and will benefit the mining of breast cancer metastasis-related biomarkers.

This study revisits the characteristics and physical processes of the azimuthally asymmetric distribution of moist instability in the outer core of vertically sheared tropical cyclones (TCs) using a numerical model. The results indicate that a downshear–upshear contrast in outer-core conditional instability occurs in the weakly sheared TCs, while an enhanced downshear-left–downshear-right difference is found in strongly sheared storms. Specifically, lower (higher) conditional instability arises downshear left (right) in the strongly sheared TCs. Downward transports of low-entropy air by convective and mesoscale downdrafts in principal rainbands reduce the equivalent potential temperature (θe) in the downshear-left boundary layer, contributing to lower convective available potential energy. Positive horizontal advection of both potential temperature and water vapor by the asymmetric outflow leads to a midlevel maximum of θe in the same quadrant. Hence, a positive θe vertical gradient (thus potential stability) is present in the downshear-left outer core. In the downshear-right quadrant, a lack of convective downdrafts, together with surface fluxes, leads to higher θe in the boundary layer. A dry intrusion is found at the middle to upper levels in the downshear-right outer core, and significant negative horizontal advection of water vapor produces low θe near the midtroposphere. A negative vertical gradient of θe (thus potential instability) in the outer core arises below the downshear-right midtroposphere. The presence of azimuthally asymmetric moist instability is expected to play an important role in fostering and maintaining azimuthally asymmetric convective activity in the outer core of TCs.

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a feasible and ultra‐sensitive method for biomedical imaging and disease diagnosis. SERS is widely applied to in vivo imaging due to the development of functional nanoparticles encoded by Raman active molecules (SERS nanoprobes) and improvements in instruments. Herein, the recent developments in SERS active materials and their in vivo imaging and biosensing applications are overviewed. Various SERS substrates that have been successfully used for in vivo imaging are described. Then, the applications of SERS imaging in cancer detection and in vivo intraoperative guidance are summarized. The role of highly sensitive SERS biosensors in guiding the detection and prevention of diseases is discussed in detail. Moreover, its role in the identification and resection of microtumors and as a diagnostic and therapeutic platform is also reviewed. Finally, the progress and challenges associated with SERS active materials, equipment, and clinical translation are described. The present evidence suggests that SERS could be applied in clinical practice in the future. The development of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) materials and their applications in imaging and biosensing in vivo are summarized. The progress of SERS application in biomedical field are highlighted, including cancer detection, identifying tumor margins for intraoperative guidance, SERS sensor for disease diagnosis, SERS‐guided multifunctional theranostic platforms, and advance in equipment and clinical trials.

Background The taxonomy and infrageneric delimitation of Phalaenopsis Blume has been significantly disputed due to some overlapping morphological features between species related, which needed further evidence for clarification. The structural characterization of complete chloroplast genomes of P. storbatiana and P. wilsonii were analyzed and compared with those of related taxa to provide a better understanding of their genomic information on taxonomy and phylogeny. Results It was shown that chloroplast genomes of Phalaenopsis storbatiana and P. wilsonii had a typical quadripartite structure with conserved genome arrangements and moderate divergence. The chloroplast genomes of P. storbatiana and P. wilsonii were 145,885 bp and 145,445 bp in length, respectively, and shared a similar GC content of 36.8%. Gene annotations of two species revealed 109 single-copy genes consistently. In addition, 20 genes duplicated in the inverted regions, 16 genes each possessed one or more introns, and five ndh (NA (D)H dehydrogenase) genes were observed in both. Comparative analysis of the total cp genomes of P. storbatiana and P. wilsonii with those of other six related Phalaenopsis species confirmed the stable sequence identity for coding and non-coding regions and higher sequence variation in SC regions than IR regions. Most of their protein-coding genes had a high degree of codon preference. Moreover, 45 genes were discovered with significantly positive selection. However, different amplifications in IR regions were observed in these eight species. Phylogenetic analysis based on CDS from 60 species representing main clades in Orchidaceae indicated that Phalaenopsis species including P. stobartiana and P. wilsonii formed a monophyletic clade with high bootstrap nested in tribe Vandeae of Epidendroideae, which was consistent with those from previous studies. Conclusions The results could provide insight into understanding the plastome evolution and phylogenetic relationships of Phalaenopsis .

While extensive research exists on acoustic comfort and heart rate under normal atmospheric pressure conditions, studies examining low-pressure environments (e.g., aircraft cabins at 75–85 kPa and high-altitude trains) remain limited. Focusing on the asymptomatic pressure range (80–101 kPa, equivalent to altitudes below 3000 m), this study addresses two fundamental research questions: (1) whether atmospheric pressure and acoustic characteristics significantly affect heart rate, and (2) whether systematic variations in acoustic comfort occur with these environmental factors. Through controlled experiments combining pressure variations (80–101 kPa) with acoustic characteristics (white noise: 65/85 dB; speech/music: 70 dB), we obtained three principal findings: First, neither pressure nor acoustic characteristics (sound pressure level and sound frequency) significantly alter heart rate within this range-a finding that contrasts with known hypoxic effects observed at altitudes above 3650 m. Second, acoustic comfort decreased with reduced pressure exclusively in white noise environments (65–85 dB), while it remained stable for speech and music at 70 dB. Third, we established both an acoustic comfort evaluation function and frequency-band-specific comfort zones, which enable differentiated noise control standards across frequency bands and identify 75 dB as a critical threshold and low-frequency noise as key design parameters. These results yield the first piecewise comfort evaluation function specifically developed for low-pressure transportation environments. The findings provide immediate applications for noise control strategies in both aviation and high-altitude rail systems, offering scientifically grounded standards for environmental design.

The driving environment in continuous diverging sections of expressway system interchanges is highly complex, posing significant driving risks. To investigate driving behavior and its transition patterns in these areas, a simulated driving experiment was conducted to collect driving behavior parameters and construct a driving behavior spectrum (DBS) for continuous diverging sections. A driving behavior spectrum unit decomposition model, leveraging convolutional neural networks (CNN) and bidirectional long short-term memory networks (BiLSTM), was developed to identify specific driving behaviors. Additionally, a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) was employed to quantify transitions between various driving behavior states. The findings demonstrate that the DBS effectively captures and systematically records temporal changes in driving behavior. The CNN-BiLSTM model accurately identified four typical driving behaviors—straight driving, lane changing, deceleration, and turning—with an impressive average accuracy of 98%. Analysis revealed that the first lane change typically occurs approximately 121 m before the first diverging point, while the second occurs around 78 m before the second diverging point. Furthermore, the HMM model successfully elucidated the transition patterns between different driving states. These results provide valuable insights for identifying hazardous zones and optimizing facility design in expressway system interchanges.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a principal cause of aches and disability worldwide. It is characterized by the inflammation of the bone leading to degeneration and loss of cartilage function. Factors, including diet, age, and obesity, impact and/or lead to osteoarthritis. In the past few years, OA has received considerable scholarly attention owing to its increasing prevalence, resulting in a cumbersome burden. At present, most of the interventions only relieve short-term symptoms, and some treatments and drugs can aggravate the disease in the long run. There is a pressing need to address the safety problems due to osteoarthritis. A disintegrin-like and metalloprotease domain with thrombospondin type 1 repeats (ADAMTS) metalloproteinase is a kind of secretory zinc endopeptidase, comprising 19 kinds of zinc endopeptidases. ADAMTS has been implicated in several human diseases, including OA. For example, aggrecanases, ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5, participate in the cleavage of aggrecan in the extracellular matrix (ECM); ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 participate in the fission of Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP) into COMP lyase, and ADAMTS-2, ADAMTS-3, and ADAMTS-14 promote the formation of collagen fibers. In this article, we principally review the role of ADAMTS metalloproteinases in osteoarthritis. From three different dimensions, we explain how ADAMTS participates in all the following aspects of osteoarthritis: ECM, cartilage degeneration, and synovial inflammation. Thus, ADAMTS may be a potential therapeutic target in osteoarthritis, and this article may render a theoretical basis for the study of new therapeutic methods for osteoarthritis.

Biochar-supported ZVI have received increasing attention for their potential to remove nitrobenzene in groundwater and soil. However, the capacity of this material to enhance the biological reduction of nitrobenzene and alter microbial communities in anaerobic groundwater have not been explored. In this study, the nitrobenzene removal performance and mechanism of modified biochar-supported zerovalent iron (ZVI) composites were explored in anaerobic soil. The results showed that the 700 °C biochar composite enhanced the removal of nitrobenzene and inhibited its release from soil to the aqueous phase. NaOH-700-Fe50 had the highest removal rate of nitrobenzene, reaching 64.4%. However, the 300 °C biochar composite inhibited the removal of nitrobenzene. Microbial degradation rather than ZVI-mediated reduction was the main nitrobenzene removal pathway. The biochar composites changed the richness and diversity of microbial communities. ZVI enhanced the symbiotic relationship between microbial genera and weakened competition between soil microbial genera. In summary, the 700 °C modified biochar composite enhanced the removal of nitrobenzene by increasing microbial community richness and diversity, by upregulating functional genes, and by promoting electron transfer. Overall, the modified biochar-supported ZVI composites could be used for soil remediation, and NaOH-700-Fe50 is a promising composite material for the on-site remediation of nitrobenzene-contaminated groundwater.