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The past two decades of lunar exploration have seen the detection of substantial quantities of water on the Moon’s surface. It has been proposed that a hydrated layer exists at depth in lunar soils, buffering a water cycle on the Moon globally. However, a reservoir has yet to be identified for this hydrated layer. Here we report the abundance, hydrogen isotope composition and core-to-rim variations of water measured in impact glass beads extracted from lunar soils returned by the Chang’e-5 mission. The impact glass beads preserve hydration signatures and display water abundance profiles consistent with the inward diffusion of solar wind-derived water. Diffusion modelling estimates diffusion timescales of less than 15 years at a temperature of 360 K. Such short diffusion timescales suggest an efficient water recharge mechanism that could sustain the lunar surface water cycle. We estimate that the amount of water hosted by impact glass beads in lunar soils may reach up to 2.7 × 1014 kg. Our direct measurements of this surface reservoir of lunar water show that impact glass beads can store substantial quantities of solar wind-derived water on the Moon and suggest that impact glass may be water reservoirs on other airless bodies.Analysis of lunar soils sampled by the Chang’e-5 mission suggests that impact glass beads may host a substantial inventory of solar wind-derived water on the Moon’s surface.

The contiguous region between Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan, commonly referred to as the Golden Triangle region in SW China, hosts many Carlin-type gold deposits. Previously, the ages of the gold mineralization in this region have not been well constrained due to the lack of suitable minerals for radiometric dating. This paper reports the first SIMS U–Pb age of hydrothermal rutile crystals for the Zhesang Carlin-type gold deposit in the region. The hydrothermal U-bearing rutile associated with gold-bearing sulfides in the deposit yields an U-Pb age of 213.6 ± 5.4 Ma, which is within the range of the previously reported arsenopyrite Re–Os isochron ages (204 ± 19 to 235 ± 33 Ma) for three other Carlin-type gold deposits in the region. Our new and more precise rutile U-Pb age confirms that the gold mineralization was contemporaneous with the Triassic W–Sn mineralization and associated granitic magmatism in the surrounding regions. Based on the temporal correlation, we postulate that coeval granitic plutons may be present at greater depths in the Golden Triangle region and that the formation of the Carlin-type gold deposits is probably linked to the coeval granitic magmatism in the region. This study clearly demonstrates that in situ rutile U–Pb dating is a robust tool for the geochronogical study of hydrothermal deposits that contain hydrothermal rutile.

Vocal intonation, a fundamental element of speech, is pivotal for comprehending and communicating effectively. Nevertheless, children suffering from hearing impairment encounter difficulties in recognizing vocal intonation patterns, primarily stemming from their auditory deficits. In 2020, a study conducted at Tianjin Medical University General Hospital in Tianjin, China, recruited five deaf children and two children with normal hearing (male; mean age = 10.21 ± 0.4 years) to compare the differences between deaf and normal children in four Chinese tone recognition tasks. The results revealed that (1) Due to hearing loss, some of the auditory cortices responsible for processing vocal intonation in deaf children do not function optimally, (2) When decoding vocal intonation information, deaf children might utilize alternative neural pathways or networks, (3) Deaf children exhibit hemispheric specialization in their processing of vocal intonation cues.

Although a number of petrographic observations and isotopic data suggest that magma mixing is common in genesis of many granite plutons, it is still controversial whether the mantle-derived magmas were involved in granites. We carried out in this study a systematic analysis of in situ zircon Hf-O isotopes for three early Yanshanian intrusions dated at ca. 160 Ma from the Nanling Range of Southeast China. The Qinghu monzonite has very homogeneous zircon Hf-O isotopic compositions, εHf(t) =11.6±0.3 and δ18O=5.4‰±0.3‰. In combination with whole-rock geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic data, the parental magma of the Qinghu monzonite were likely derived from the partial melting of recently-metasomatized, phlogopite-bearing lithospheric mantle without appreciable crustal contamination. The Lisong and Fogang granites and the mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) within the Lisong granites have a wide range of zircon Hf-O isotopic compositions, with Hf and O isotopes being negatively correlated within each pluton. The Lisong MMEs were crystallized from a mantle-derived magma, similar to the parental magma of the Qinghu monzonite, with small amount of crustal assimilation. The Lisong and Fogang granites were formed by reworking of meta-sedimentary materials by mantle-derived magmas and mixing of the mantle-and sediment-derived melts to varying degrees. It is thus concluded that these two Yanshanian granites in the Nanling Range were formed associated with growth and differentiation of continental crust.

Very few zircon-bearing, kimberlite-hosted mantle eclogite xenoliths have been identified to date; however, the zircon they contain is crucial for our understanding of subcratonic lithospheric mantle evolution and eclogite genesis. In this study, we constrain the characteristics of zircon from mantle eclogite xenoliths based on existing mineralogical and geochemical data from zircons from different geological settings, and on the inferred origin of mantle eclogites. Given the likely origin and subsequent evolution of mantle eclogites, we infer that the xenoliths can contain zircons with magmatic, metamorphic and xenogenic (i.e. kimberlitic zircon) origins. Magmatic zircon can be inherited from low-pressure mafic oceanic crust precursors, or might form during direct crystallization of eclogites from primary mantle-derived melts at mantle pressures. Metamorphic zircon within mantle eclogites has a number of possible origins, ranging from low-pressure hydrothermal alteration of oceanic crustal protoliths to metasomatism related to kimberlite magmatism. This study outlines a possible approach for the identification of inherited magmatic zircon within subduction-related mantle eclogites as well as xenogenic kimberlitic zircon within all types of mantle eclogites. We demonstrate this approach using zircon grains from kimberlite-hosted eclogite xenoliths from the Kasai Craton, which reveals that most, if not all, of these zircons were most likely incorporated as a result of laboratory-based contamination.

Stroke is the second leading cause of death globally. Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the development of stroke. The Oxidative Balance Score (OBS) is a tool used to assess the combined impact of diet and lifestyle on the body’s antioxidant capacity. The study included stroke survivors from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2018), with a total of 1,781 participants and a median follow-up duration of 6.5 years, during which 786 participants (39.59%) died. The relationship between OBS and all-cause mortality was assessed using the Cox proportional hazards model. The results indicated that individuals in higher OBS quartiles had lower mortality rates. Specifically, patients in the fourth quartile had a 41% reduced risk of all-cause mortality compared to those in the first quartile (HR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.42–0.84, p  = 0.003). Restricted cubic spline analysis revealed a linear inverse relationship between OBS and all-cause mortality. Subgroup analysis further demonstrated that the inverse association persisted across various population subgroups. Overall, our study suggests that higher levels of OBS can reduce the risk of all-cause mortality in stroke survivors and provides new evidence for their diet and lifestyle.

Knowledge regarding the abundance and distribution of solar wind (SW)‐sourced water (OH/H2O) on the Moon in the shallow subsurface remains limited. Here, we report the NanoSIMS measurements of H abundances and D/H ratios on soil grains from three deepest sections of the Chang'E‐5 drill core sampled at depths of 0.45–0.8 m. High water contents of 0.13–1.3 wt.% are present on approximately half of the grain surfaces (topmost ∼100 nm), comparable to the values of Chang'E‐5 scooped soils. The extremely low δD values (as low as −995‰) and negative correlations between δD and water contents indicate that SW implantation is an important source of water beneath the lunar surface. The results are indicative of homogeneous distribution of SW‐derived water in the vertical direction, providing compelling evidence for the well‐mixed nature of the lunar regolith. Moreover, the findings demonstrate that the shallow subsurface regolith of the Moon contains a considerable amount of water. Plain Language Summary Recently, China's Chang'E‐5 mission targeted a higher latitude on the Moon than previous Apollo and Luna missions, and brought back scooped and drilled samples to the Earth. These new soil samples provide an opportunity to investigate the distribution, abundance, and origin(s) of water in Moon's middle latitude. Here, we focus on using the NanoSIMS technique to analyze water content on soil near‐surface regions to understand whether the solar wind (SW)‐derived water could be preserved after burial at depth. Our results show that more than half of the core soils have high water contents on the rims of grains, similar to those of the Chang'E‐5 scooped soils. This finding suggests that the SW remains an important source of water in the Moon's subsurface. Our work provides direct evidence that the lunar regolith below the surface contains considerable water from SW implantation. This type of water could be a promising water resource in future exploration. Key Points More than half of the soils from the single drill core have high water contents and low D/H ratios below the surface The solar wind (SW)‐derived water could be preserved for hundreds of millions of years if buried at depth Lunar regolith from the drill core contains considerable water from SW implantation, which is much more accessible

Metamorphic timescales harbor crucial information for quantifying lithospheric processes and identifying tectonic regimes. The Orosirian Period is known for global orogenesis during 2.1‒1.8 Ga that possibly signifies the emergence of global-scale plate tectonics. While the metamorphic pressure–temperature (P–T) paths and T/P ratios have been extensively used to characterize 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens, their detailed metamorphic timescales remain underutilized. In this study, we use garnet diffusion modeling to explicitly explore the metamorphic timescales of dominant pelitic granulites in the Jiaobei terrane, the southwest part of the Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic belt (JLJB), North China Craton. The pelitic granulites record high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism of 13–14 kbar and 860–870 °C, followed by fast decompression (4‒21 mm yr−1) with some degree of heating to medium-pressure granulite-facies retrogression of 7‒8 kbar and 865‒950 °C at c. 1.85 Ga. The subsequent cooling is nearly isobaric, but likely nonlinear with initially faster and later slower cooling (17‒32 °C Myr−1, 950/865–700 °C; 5–7 °C Myr−1, 700–600 °C, respectively). The determined clockwise P–T–t path provides evidence for convergent plate boundary processes and the fast exhumation is likely related to an extensional setting. The relatively fast exhumation and cooling rates at high temperatures, as obtained via diffusion chronometry, represent the fastest rates yet reported from 2.1 to 1.8 Ga orogens and are several times to one order of magnitude slower than those observed in modern orogens. In the light of recent numerical modeling, we suggest that these slower metamorphic rates of the c. 2.1‒1.8 Ga JLJB orogenic rocks are consistent with the features of orogenesis occurring at higher mantle temperatures, such as hotter orogenic thermal structures, less over-thickened orogenic crusts, and distributed strain patterns. Therefore, the timescale information from the JLJB indicates that Paleoproterozoic plate tectonics under higher temperatures might have caused subduction and collisional orogenesis to be distinct from their modern style. Notably, the detailed ancient metamorphic timescales achieved by diffusion modeling cannot be resolved geochronologically, highlighting the necessity of applying diffusion chronometry to quantify ancient tectonic processes.

The formation of Carlin-type gold deposits is poorly constrained, mainly due to the lack of accurate ages for gold mineralization. The Youjiang basin, SW China, represents the world’s second-largest Carlin-type gold province after NV, USA. In this paper, we use hydrothermal apatite U–Th–Pb dating to systemically determine the mineralization ages of five Carlin-type gold deposits, namely, Shuiyindong, Jinfeng, Zimudang, Linwang, and Jinya, in the Youjiang basin. The hydrothermal apatite is characterized by intimate intergrowth with gold-bearing sulfides, presence of primary fluid inclusions, irregular morphology and cathodoluminescence zoning, and MREE-enriched composition patterns, indicating that it is clearly associated and coeval with gold mineralization. The concentrations of lattice-bound U and Th in the apatite are highly variable, making it suitable for in situ secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) U–Th–Pb dating. The dating results of hydrothermal apatite from the five deposits show that they formed at ca. 150–140 Ma, contemporary with the widespread felsic magmatism and associated W–Sn mineralization to the east of the Youjiang basin, probably in response to slab breakup of the Paleo-Pacific oceanic plate beneath the South China continental plate. Our case story suggests that hydrothermal apatite could be a robust chronometer for age dating of sedimentary rock-hosted gold mineralization worldwide.

Lunar volcanism provides critical insights into the Moon's thermochemical evolution. We present petrological and geochemical analyses of six very‐low‐Ti (VLT) basalt fragments from Chang'e‐6 (CE6) samples. These basalts yield a Pb‐Pb age of around 2.9 Ga, representing the youngest reported VLT volcanism. They are slightly older than the low‐Ti basalts from the same soils and exhibit distinct pyroxene compositions and 238U/204Pb ratios, indicating derivation from distinct mantle sources. Compared to Apollo and Luna VLT basalts, these samples share similarly depleted Sr‐Pb isotopes but display elevated rare earth element concentrations and TiO2 contents. These basalts most likely derived from low‐degree melting of an olivine‐orthopyroxene source followed by 30%–40% fractional crystallization. Further diffusion chronometry reveals rapid magma ascent from magma chamber to surface, likely facilitated by the thin lunar crust resulting from the South Pole‐Aitken basin‐forming impact. Our results provide new insights into the petrogenesis of volcanic activity on the lunar farside.