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Promoting the social integration of rural migrants is key to improving the mechanism of rural-urban integration and development. This study utilizes the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey and matched urban macro data to systematically explore the impact of homesteads on the social integration of rural migrants. Research has shown that social integration of rural migrants will be inhibited if they own homesteads. Simultaneously, the degree of inhibition varies according to the individual characteristics of rural migrants, the region to which they belong, and other factors. Specifically, when rural migrants aged 18 to 50 own homesteads, their degree of social integration into the cities they move into will be low. At the same time, for rural migrants in the central region, homestead ownership will not affect their degree of social integration. In addition, the mechanism analysis shows that increased housing expenditure inhibits rural migrants’ willingness to integrate. Meanwhile, owning contracted land and owning a house in the city also affect the degree of social integration of rural migrants to a certain extent. The findings of this study can broaden research on the effects of land on the free movement of population factors. In the meantime, it provides theoretical references for improving the level of social integration of migrants, enhancing people’s well-being, and improving the mechanism of urban-rural integration and development.

Fanjiang Kong, Zhixi Tian, Xingliang Hou, Baohui Liu and colleagues report the cloning and functional characterization of J , the locus underlying the long-juvenile (LJ) trait that has enabled tropical cultivation of soybean. They show that J, an ortholog of Arabidopsis ELF3, downregulates the expression of E1 , thereby promoting flowering under short-day conditions. Soybean is a major legume crop originating in temperate regions, and photoperiod responsiveness is a key factor in its latitudinal adaptation. Varieties from temperate regions introduced to lower latitudes mature early and have extremely low grain yields. Introduction of the long-juvenile (LJ) trait extends the vegetative phase and improves yield under short-day conditions, thereby enabling expansion of cultivation in tropical regions. Here we report the cloning and characterization of J , the major classical locus conferring the LJ trait, and identify J as the ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana EARLY FLOWERING 3 ( ELF3 ). J depends genetically on the legume-specific flowering repressor E1 , and J protein physically associates with the E1 promoter to downregulate its transcription, relieving repression of two important FLOWERING LOCUS T ( FT ) genes and promoting flowering under short days. Our findings identify an important new component in flowering-time control in soybean and provide new insight into soybean adaptation to tropical regions.

Major cereal crops have benefitted from Green Revolution traits such as shorter and more compact plants that permit high-density planting, but soybean has remained relatively overlooked. To balance ideal soybean yield with plant height under dense planting, shortening of internodes without reducing the number of nodes and pods is desired. Here, we characterized a short-internode soybean mutant, reduced internode 1 ( rin1 ). Partial loss of SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA 105 3a ( SPA3a ) underlies rin1 . RIN1 physically interacts with two homologs of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), STF1 and STF2, to promote their degradation. RIN1 regulates gibberellin metabolism to control internode development through a STF1/STF2– GA2ox7 regulatory module. In field trials, rin1 significantly enhances grain yield under high-density planting conditions comparing to its wild type of elite cultivar. rin1 mutants therefore could serve as valuable resources for improving grain yield under high-density cultivation and in soybean–maize intercropping systems. Many cereal crops have been bred to be more compact to allow high-density planting, but soybean has remained relatively overlooked. Here, the authors describe a compact soybean mutant, reduced internode 1 , that significantly enhances grain yield under high-density planting conditions compared to an elite cultivar.

Flowering time influences reproductive success in plants and has a significant impact on yield in grain crops. Flowering time is regulated by a variety of environmental factors, with daylength often playing an important role. Crops can be categorized into different types according to their photoperiod requirements for flowering. For instance, long-day crops include wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), and pea ( Pisum sativum ), while short-day crops include rice ( Oryza sativa ), soybean ( Glycine max ), and maize ( Zea mays ). Understanding the molecular regulation of flowering and genotypic variation therein is important for molecular breeding and crop improvement. This paper reviews the regulation of flowering in different crop species with a particular focus on how photoperiod-related genes facilitate adaptation to local environments.

Soybean is a photoperiod-sensitive staple crop. Its photoperiodic flowering has major consequences for latitudinal adaptation and grain yield. Here, we identify and characterise a flowering locus named Time of flower 4b ( Tof4b ), which encodes E1-Like b (E1Lb), a homologue of the key soybean floral repressor E1. Tof4b protein physically associates with the promoters of two FLOWERING LOCUS T ( FT ) genes to repress their transcription and delay flowering to impart soybean adaptation to high latitudes. Three E1 homologues undergo subfunctionalisation and show differential subcellular localisation. Moreover, they all possess self-repression capability and each suppresses the two homologous counterparts. Subfunctionalisation and the transcriptional regulation of E1 genes collectively finetune flowering time and high-latitude adaptation in soybean. We propose a model for the functional fate of the three E1 genes after the soybean whole-genome duplication events, refine the molecular mechanisms underlying high-latitude adaption, and provide a potential molecular-breeding resource. Unlike cultivated soybean, the genetic basis for high latitude adaptation for wild soybean accessions is largely unknown. Here, the authors reveal how the subfunctionalization of E1 family genes and gene introgression have driven adaptation to higher latitudes in wild soybean accessions.

The multifaceted chemo-immune resistance is the principal barrier to achieving cure in cancer patients. Identifying a target that is critically involved in chemo-immune-resistance represents an attractive strategy to improve cancer treatment. iRhom1 plays a role in cancer cell proliferation and its expression is negatively correlated with immune cell infiltration. Here we show that iRhom1 decreases chemotherapy sensitivity by regulating the MAPK14-HSP27 axis. In addition, iRhom1 inhibits the cytotoxic T-cell response by reducing the stability of ERAP1 protein and the ERAP1-mediated antigen processing and presentation. To facilitate the therapeutic translation of these findings, we develop a biodegradable nanocarrier that is effective in codelivery of iRhom pre-siRNA (pre-siiRhom) and chemotherapeutic drugs. This nanocarrier is effective in tumor targeting and penetration through both enhanced permeability and retention effect and CD44-mediated transcytosis in tumor endothelial cells as well as tumor cells. Inhibition of iRhom1 further facilitates tumor targeting and uptake through inhibition of CD44 cleavage. Co-delivery of pre-siiRhom and a chemotherapy agent leads to enhanced antitumor efficacy and activated tumor immune microenvironment in multiple cancer models in female mice. Targeting iRhom1 together with chemotherapy could represent a strategy to overcome chemo-immune resistance in cancer treatment. A pro-tumorigenic role of iRhom1 has been described in several cancer types. Here the authors show that iRhom1 regulates sensitivity to chemotherapy and immune response, as well they report that CD44 targeting nanoparticle-mediated co-delivery of iRhom1 pre-siRNA promotes anti-tumor immune responses in preclinical cancer models.

Despite the implementation of various field-level measures to mitigate phosphorus loss from agricultural land, effective control at the watershed scale remains challenging due to the complexity of influencing factors. To address this gap, an improved phosphorus surplus index was incorporated into the traditional index method as the primary source factor. Using Erhai Lake in China as a case study, a phosphorus loss risk assessment system tailored to cropping systems in plateau lake basins was developed. Control strategies for reducing phosphorus loss were evaluated using machine learning techniques, scenario analysis, and runoff plot experiments. In the vegetable continuous cropping system, 73% of the area was classified as high-risk, which is 709.2% higher than that of the rice-rapeseed rotation system. The primary factors influencing phosphorus loss risk were the distance between phosphorus sources and nearby rivers, followed by soil erosion. Optimized fertilization (reducing nitrogen and phosphorus inputs by 25% and increasing potassium input by 25% relative to conventional practices) significantly reduced phosphorus loss risk in the rice-rapeseed rotation system. In contrast, optimized fertilization had a limited effect in the vegetable continuous cropping system, where the most effective control measure was establishing a 500 m fertilizer-free buffer zone along riverbanks. These results provide a scientific basis for nutrient management and non-point source pollution control and offer a useful reference for developing phosphorus loss risk assessment systems in other lake basins.

The natural aging (NA) and artificial aging (AA) behavior of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloys with different Mg/Si ratios and Cu additions were systematically investigated by means of hardness test, atom probe tomography, transmission electron microscopy, and Monte Carlo simulation. The Si-rich low-Cu alloys displayed higher hardness compared to the Mg-rich equivalents because Si atoms play a dominant role in clustering of solute atoms during both natural and artificial aging. In the high-Cu alloys, Cu did not obviously change the cluster distribution during NA, but significantly refines the clusters and precipitates due to the strong interaction of Cu atoms with Mg atoms during AA. In contrast to the low-Cu alloys, the Mg-rich high-Cu alloys exhibit higher hardness in the early and over-aged stages of artificial aging, with similar or slightly higher hardness in the peak aging condition compared to their Si-rich counterparts. Three types of precipitates ( β ″, Q ′, and L ) are favored in the high-Cu alloys. The Mg-rich high-Cu alloy has more L phase, while the Si-rich variant is abundant in Q ′ phase. The negative effect of NA on subsequent AA behavior is less dependent on Mg/Si ratio in the high-Cu alloys due to a synergistic action of the residual Si and Cu atoms, but is closely related to Mg/Si ratio in low-Cu alloys.

This study investigates the role of NaLRR-RK4 in plant defense against Alternaria alternata in Nicotiana attenuata , focusing on the differential gene expression in wild-type (WT, NaLRR-RK4 expressed) and NaLRR-RK4 -silenced (RNAi) plants upon inoculation. Transcriptomic sequencing was conducted to analyze the expression of genes in WT and RNAi plants under Alternaria alternata infection and non-infection conditions, aiming to identify the pathways influenced by NaLRR-RK4 in conferring resistance to A. alternata . The activation of MAPK signaling in WT plants, including the upregulation of WRKY33, PR1, and ethylene- and ABA-responsive genes, plays a crucial role in enhancing resistance against A. alternata . In contrast, RNAi-treated plants exhibited reduced activation of these genes, highlighting the essential role of NaLRR - RK4 in initiating effective defense responses. NaLRR-RK4 functions as a key regulator of MAPK signaling, mediating plant defense against A. alternata through the coordinated activation of WRKY33, PR1, and ethylene- and ABA-responsive genes.

Background and aim Nitrogen (N) is crucial for plant growth and is distributed across various N morphologies within plant organs. However, the mechanisms controlling the distribution of these N morphologies are not fully understood. This study investigated key amino acid (AA) biosynthesis pathways regulating N distribution and their impact on plant physiology and growth. Methods We examined N distribution in the leaves, stems, and roots of two tobacco cultivars (Hongda and K326) under different N treatments at 75, and 100 days after transplanting (DAT). Transcriptome analysis was performed at 75 and 100 DAT to explore N distribution and AA metabolism pathways. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified pathways regulating N distribution, and the Mantel test assessed the impact of N treatments, growth stages, and cultivars on N distribution. Results Statistically significant differences in N distribution were observed across environmental conditions, growth stages, cultivars, and plant organs ( p  < 0.05). WGCNA identified phenylalanine metabolism (ko00360), alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism (ko00250), and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism (ko00260) pathways regulating the distribution of N in-SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate insoluble N), N W (water soluble N), and N S (sodium dodecyl sulfate soluble N), respectively. Increased N application promoted N in-SDS accumulation, while earlier growth stages and cultivar Hongda favored N W distribution. N S distribution was inhibited under high N conditions. Gene expression in these pathways correlated with N distribution, biomass, and N accumulation. Conclusion This study elucidates the mechanisms regulating N distribution in tobacco, emphasizing the role of AA metabolism pathways. These findings are essential for improving N utilization and optimizing N management practices, ultimately enhancing crop productivity and supporting sustainable agricultural practices.