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An important research topic is how teachers explore emotional intelligence in international Chinese language teaching and utilize emotional factors to cultivate students’ motivation to learn. Based on the theoretical model of emotional intelligence, this paper constructs a system of emotional intelligence factors for international Chinese teachers by combining cross-cultural communication theory. In terms of obtaining the relevant factors affecting teachers’ emotional intelligence, this paper introduces structural equation modeling to measure the pertinent aspects. It constructs the PLSSEM emotional intelligence model by estimating the model’s parameters through partial least squares. In terms of analyzing the level of emotional intelligence of international Chinese teachers, this paper chooses a total of 200 international Chinese teachers from various Chinese universities as the research sample. It uses SPSS software to analyze the data in terms of the parameter estimation of the emotional intelligence model, the test evaluation, and the differences in the level of emotional intelligence in multiple dimensions. The results show that the path coefficients of each latent variable of the PLS-SEM emotional intelligence model exceeded 0.3, and the value-added fitness index of the model exceeded 0.95. The emotional intelligence level scores of the 200 teachers averaged 4.557, and there were significant differences in their gender, teaching age, and education level within the 1% range. The emotional intelligence factor system of international Chinese teachers can clarify the specific reasons affecting their development. It can help teachers better develop emotional intelligence and help improve the quality of international Chinese education and teaching.

Under the ‘dual carbon’ goal, the key to environmental-friendly economic development is to increase total factor productivity (TFP) in a greener way. However, as a key market-based emission reduction mechanism, the exploration related to whether the emission trading system (ETS) promotes green TFP (GTFP) is not deep enough, especially for secondary decomposition of this technical index and for specific industrial subsectors. In this study, combining biennial Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index with multi-period difference in differences model, we assess the technological progress of China’s pilot ETS dynamically. The results show that the pilot ETS promoted GTFP significantly in the industrial subsectors, by 8.5%. The technology change index increased by 17.5%, which is the key action path to increasing GTFP. Furtherly, the mechanism test confirms that the policy works mainly through innovation channel. This study implied that the governance toward carbon-zero economies could be accelerated much more effectively by technological innovation of green.

Identifying the effectiveness of anti-leakage policies across competitiveness, demand, and energy channels is crucial for unilateral climate policy design. Here we combine a global equilibrium model and channel decomposition approach to unravel the effectiveness of anti-leakage policies—free allocation system, carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM), and climate clubs—within the European Union Emissions Trading System. Free allocation (excluding power sector) and indirect emission cost aids modestly reduce carbon leakage across all channels. CBAM achieves negative leakage in competitiveness and demand channels, but increases leakage in the energy channel. Voluntary climate clubs without penalties, mainly mitigate leakage among member countries, but are less effective for non-members in the demand channel. The Buchanan club with imposing penalties on non-members, achieves the negative leakage, suggesting its potential to fully resolve leakage. However, these policies are less effective in the energy channel, potentially undermining efforts in other channels. Stringent international agreements with penalties are more efficient than other European Union policies at addressing carbon leakage, but a risk persists, according to a global equilibrium model and channel decomposition analysis.

Carbon emission research based on input-output tables (IOTs) has received attention, but data quality issues persist due to inconsistencies between the sectoral scopes of energy statistics and IOTs. Specifically, China’s official energy data are reported at the industry level, whereas IOTs are organized by product sectors. Valid IOT-based environmental models require consistent transformation from industry-level to product-level emissions. However, most existing studies overlook this necessary transformation, leading to substantial estimation errors. This study addresses this issue by developing a high-quality, product-level emissions dataset for China, grounded in robust product technology identification derived from IOTs. Our new emissions dataset, aligned with Chinese national IOTs, covers 29 to 34 product sectors across 7 benchmark years from 1997 to 2020. It includes data from 4 to 5 energy sectors and detailed emissions for 18 types of fossil fuels, using both IPCC-default and two China-specific emission factors. This inventory improves product-sector emission accounting and can be integrated into IOT-based climate and energy models, serving as a fundamental database for energy and emission analysis.

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the impact of sarcopenia on the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing posterior surgical treatment for degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data from 76 patients with degenerative lumbar scoliosis, who meet the selection criteria between January 2019 and December 2023. The patients were categorized into a sarcopenia group (31 cases) and a non-sarcopenia group (45 cases) based on the diagnostic criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP). Operative time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay duration, incision length, incision healing time, and complications were compared between the sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups. The improvement in clinical symptoms was evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). To assess the scoliosis correction effect, measurements were taken for the coronal Cobb angle (CCA), C7 plumb line-center sacral vertical line (C7-CSVL), lumbar lordosis (LL), and C7 plumb line-sagittal vertical axis (C7-SVA). Results All patients successfully underwent the surgical procedure. The average operation time in the sarcopenia group was 256.27 ± 28.09 (180–350) min, which was not significantly different from the 249.82 ± 24.35(185–320) min in the non-sarcopenia group ( p  > 0.05). The average intraoperative blood loss in the sarcopenia group was 786.25 ± 38.19 (420–1365) mL, compared to 810.62 ± 45.47 (456–1780) mL in the non-sarcopenia group ( p  > 0.05). The average incision length in the sarcopenia group was 12.57 ± 1.29 (10-16)cm, compared to 12.83 ± 2.03 (9-20)cm in the non-sarcopenia group ( p  > 0.05). The incision healing time in the sarcopenia group required an average of 15.72 ± 1.74 (12-25)d, which longer than the 10.18 ± 1.05 (10–14 ) d in the non-sarcopenia group ( p  < 0.05). The average hospital stay in the sarcopenia group was 13.46 ± 1.37 (8-26) d, which was also longer than the 8.33 ± 0.92 (6-12)d in the non-sarcopenia group ( p  < 0.05). The complication rate in the sarcopenia group was 29.03% (9/31), which was higher than the 13.33% (6/45) in the non-sarcopenia group ( p  < 0.05). The VAS and ODI scores of both groups at the last follow-up were significantly improved compared to preoperative levels ( p  < 0.05). At the last follow-up, the ODI in the non-sarcopenia group was better than that in the sarcopenia group ( p  < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of VAS scores at the last follow-up ( p  > 0.05). Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in CCA, C7-CSVL, LL, and C7-SVA compared to preoperative levels ( p  < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups at the final follow-up ( p  > 0.05). Conclusion Sarcopenia does not significantly affect the radiological outcomes of patients with degenerative lumbar scoliosis undergoing posterior surgical procedures, ODI was better in the non-sarcopenia group. In addition, patients with sarcopenia typically require a longer postoperative recovery period and are more susceptible to various complications compared to those without sarcopenia.

Although depression symptoms are commonly reported in patients with subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment (svMCI), their impact on brain functions remains largely unknown, with diagnoses mainly dependent on behavioral assessments. In this study, we analyzed resting-state fMRI data from a cohort of 34 svMCI patients, comprising 18 patients with depression symptoms (svMCI+D) and 16 patients without (svMCI-D), along with 34 normal controls (NC). The study used the fraction of the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF), resting-state functional connectivity, correlation analyses, and support vector machine (SVM) techniques. The fALFF of the right cerebellum (CERE.R) differed among the svMCI+D, svMCI-D, and NC groups. Specifically, the regional mean fALFF of CERE. R was lower in svMCI-D patients compared to NC but higher in svMCI+D patients compared to svMCI-D patients. Moreover, the adjusted fALFF of CERE. R showed a significant correlation with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) scores in svMCI-D patients. The fALFF of the right orbital part of the superior frontal gyrus was significantly correlated with Hamilton Depression Scale scores in svMCI+D patients, whereas the fALFF of the right postcingulate cortex (PCC.R) showed a significant correlation with MOCA scores in svMCI-D patients. Furthermore, RSFC between PCC. R and right precuneus, as well as between CERE. R and the right lingual gyrus (LING.R), was significantly reduced in svMCI-D patients compared to NC. In regional analyses, the adjusted RSFC between PCC. R and PreCUN. R, as well as between CERE. R and LING. R, was decreased in svMCI-D patients compared to NC but increased in svMCI+D patients compared to svMCI-D. Further SVM analyses achieved good performances, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82 for classifying svMCI+D, svMCI-D, and NC; 0.96 for classifying svMCI+D and svMCI-D; 0.82 for classifying svMCI+D and NC; and 0.92 for classifying svMCI-D and NC. The study revealed disruptive effects of cognitive impairment, along with both disruptive and complementary effects of depression symptoms on spontaneous brain activity in svMCI. Moreover, these findings suggest that the identified features might serve as potential biomarkers for distinguishing between svMCI+D, svMCI-D, and NC, thereby guiding clinical treatments such as transcranial magnetic stimulation for svMCI.

Background: Acupuncture has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing cognitive decline in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Hippocampal atrophy has been typically reported as a core neuromechanism in the aMCI. However, whether and how hippocampal subregions plasticity exists in aMCI after acupuncture remains largely unknown. Objectives: We aimed to explore gray matter alterations in the hippocampal subregions of aMCI after acupuncture. Methods: A randomized, controlled, blind research was conducted. A cohort of 53 patients with aMCI was randomly assigned to either the verum acupuncture (VA) group or the sham acupuncture (SA) group. Each group received 24 treatment sessions (three times per week for 8 weeks). Clinical evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed at baseline and after treatment for all patients with aMCI. Hippocampal subfield volumes were analyzed using Freesurfer 7.1.1. An interaction effect was used to explore the efficacy of acupuncture. In addition, a correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationships between the volume of hippocampal subregions and cognitive function in patients with aMCI. Results: Mixed‐effects analysis revealed a significant group × time interaction for volume in the right subiculum body (p = 0.006), where volume significantly decreased following SA (p = 0.015) but increased following VA. Within‐group effects showed that VA significantly increased volume in the right GC‐ML‐DG head (p = 0.041) and right CA4 body (p = 0.028), while SA increased volume in the right CA4‐head (p = 0.035). Directly comparing the magnitude of change between interventions, VA led to significantly greater volume increases than SA in the right subiculum body (p = 0.008), right CA1‐body (p = 0.042), whole hippocampus body (p = 0.041), and whole hippocampus (p = 0.028). Clinically, within the VA group, the increase in right subiculum body volume was significantly correlated with improvement in AVLT_N5 (delayed recall) scores (p = 0.013). Conclusion: These results suggested that acupuncture could selectively induce structural plasticity in hippocampal subregions associated with cognitive effects in patients with aMCI, which provided potential biomarkers—particularly the right subiculum body—for effective and timely interventions for aMCI. Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn), Registration number: ChiCTR2400084308. Gay matter alterations in the hippocampal subregions of aMCI after acupuncture. The analysis revealed that patients in aMCI showed increased right subiculum body, right GC‐ML‐DG head, right CA4 body, CA1 body, whole hippocampus body, and whole hippocampus after acupuncture.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and heterogeneous condition. Current diagnosis relies on symptom-based assessments, leading to varied treatment responses. Data-driven approaches have attempted to identify MDD subtypes, but their clinical applicability remains limited. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) provides a theory-driven classification system that categorizes MDD into syndrome subtypes of deficiency pattern and excess pattern, offering insights into the biological mechanisms and personalized treatment strategies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to identify potential neurobiological distinctions of TCM-based deficiency and excess patterns in MDD by examining differences in the brain activity by using various functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) modalities, including resting-state and task-based fMRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P), we will conduct a comprehensive search of 7 electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Chinese Biological Medical Literature database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Wanfang database, and Chongqing VIP database) for studies published up to December 2024. Eligible studies will be screened by 2 independent reviewers based on predefined inclusion criteria, followed by data extraction and quality assessment. For the meta-analysis, resting-state fMRI studies will be analyzed in Montreal Neurological Institute space using Seed-based d Mapping-Permutation of Subject Images software (version 6.21), enabling a focused evaluation of brain activity differences in deficiency and excess MDD patterns. The search and screening for the systematic literature review were completed in December 2024. This study relies on published, publicly accessible data. We found approximately 30 eligible studies in our preliminary search, suggesting that a quantitative meta-analysis is feasible. Data extraction, quality appraisal, and subsequent data synthesis will begin in September 2025. The review should be completed by December 2025, and the study results will be published in 2026. The results of this study may help to explain the neural mechanisms of depression's neurobiological subtypes from the perspective of TCM. PROSPERO CRD42023475178; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42023475178. DERR1-10.2196/68996.

An appreciation for the complex interactions between the NF-κB transcription factor and the Lin28 RNA binding protein/let-7 microRNA pathways has grown substantially over the past decade. Both the NF-κB and Lin28/let-7 pathways are master regulators impacting cell survival, growth and proliferation, and an understanding of how interfaces between these pathways participate in governing pluripotency, progenitor differentiation, and neuroplastic responses remains an emerging area of research. In this review, we provide a concise summary of the respective pathways and focus on the function of signaling interactions at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Regulatory loops capable of providing both reinforcing and extinguishing feedback have been described. We highlight convergent findings in disparate biological systems and indicate future directions for investigation.

The achievement of China’s carbon neutrality is crucial for the 1.5 °C target of the Paris Agreement and must involve the implementation of various mitigation policies. However, these efforts are hindered by poor knowledge of the interactions between policies. Here we use a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of China (CEEGE model) and create a policy portfolio area of 1,295 scenarios covering four major mitigation strategies (carbon pricing, energy efficiency, renewable energy and electrification of end uses). When the interactions between mitigation policies are considered, the percentage of scenarios in which the carbon neutrality target is reached by 2060 decreases by 84%, with the years in which these scenarios are achieved being delayed by 5–6 years. Only the combinations with renewable energy and electrification of end uses generate synergetic effects on both economic and mitigation impacts. Our work can inform the formulation of more efficient mitigation policy portfolios by emphasizing policy interactions. Various policy instruments are proposed to meet mitigation targets, yet the synergistic and trade-off effects of interactions are less understood. With rich scenarios of policy mixes, the authors demonstrate that in most cases these interactions will delay the achievement of carbon targets in China.