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Background Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L., 2n = 2x = 20) is an important industrial and oil crop that is widely grown in more than 100 countries. In recent years, breeders have focused on increasing the seed number per pod to improve their yield in addition to other breeding for other key components of yield, including the pod number, seeds per pod, and 100-seed weight. Results In this study, a secondary population of 1,114 BC 1 F 2 lines was derived from a cross between the parents R45 and JNH3. Two stable major-effect quantitative trait loci of qRMPA09.1 and qRMPA09.2 were detected simultaneously and mapped within chromosomal intervals of approximately 400 Kb and 600 Kb on chromosome A09. Additionally, combined whole-genome and RNA sequencing analyses showed the differential expression of the Arahy.04JNDX gene that belongs to a MYB transcription factor (TF) between the two parents. The AhMYB51 gene was also inferred to influence the number of seeds per pod in peanuts. An examination of the backcross lines L 2 /L 4 showed that AhMYB51 increases the rate of multiple pods per plant (RMSP) primarily by affecting brassinosteroids in the flowers, while its overexpression promotes the length of siliques in Arabidopsis thaliana . Conclusions Our findings provide valuable insights for the cloning of favorable alleles for RMSP in peanuts. The qRMSPA09.1 and qRMSPA09.2 are two novel QTL associated with the RMSP trait, with AhMYB51 predicted as its candidate gene. Moreover, the closely linked polymorphic SNP markers for loci of two significant QTLs may be useful in accelerating marker-assisted breeding in peanuts.

This paper proposes a reverberation suppression algorithm utilizing fractional lower-order moments based on statistical properties. As fractional lower-order moments can only be applied on symmetric α-stable random variables, the energy redistribution method is used, so reverberation signals can obtain the characteristic exponents of the symmetric α-stable distribution. To evaluate the proposed algorithm, an experiment involving simulated linear frequency modulation reverberation with the proposed method and comparison methods is performed and discussed. Moreover, an experiment is conducted using reverberation as measured from the lake. The results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve better reverberation suppression and signal enhancement performance compared with other methods.

Background Two of the most widely cultivated rice strains are Oryza sativa indica and O. sativa japonica , and understanding the genetic basis of their agronomic traits is of importance for crop production. These two species are highly distinct in terms of geographical distribution and morphological traits. However, the relationship among genetic background, ecological conditions, and agronomic traits is unclear. Results In this study, we performed the de novo assembly of a high-quality genome of SN265, a cultivar that is extensively cultivated as a backbone japonica parent in northern China, using single-molecule sequencing. Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between SN265 and R99 ( indica ) were re-sequenced and cultivated in three distinct ecological conditions. We identify 79 QTLs related to 15 agronomic traits. We found that several genes underwent functional alterations when the ecological conditions were changed, and some alleles exhibited contracted responses to different genetic backgrounds. We validated the involvement of one candidate gene, DEP1 , in determining panicle length, using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Conclusions This study provides information on the suitable environmental conditions, and genetic background, for functional genes in rice breeding. Moreover, the public availability of the reference genome of northern japonica SN265 provides a valuable resource for plant biologists and the genetic improvement of crops.

Various substances in seeds occurred many transformations during the drying process, which is key to long-term storage, but the mechanism is unclear. In this study, seeds of the peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) variety “Silihong” were selected as the experimental materials. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of the peanut kernels at day 0 (S0d), day 1 (S1d), day 3 (S3d), day 5 (S5d), and day 7 (S7d) of drying were performed to search for the genes that controlled the storage compounds. A total of 165 differentially expressed metabolites (DAMs) and 15,010 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the five stages of seed drying were identified. S3d was the key period during which the content of most of the metabolites changed significantly. The contents of most amino acids(87%) and their derivatives decreased significantly, and most of the lipids(68%), sugars(67%) and flavonoids(87%) accumulated to their peak at S3d. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that the DEGs were primarily enriched in four aspects, including amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, lipid biosynthesis and metabolism, sucrose and starch metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Crucial genes that potentially regulate the storage substances were identified, including PAL , FAD2 , SUS , LOX , and PFK . Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the molecular regulation of storage compounds in peanut seeds and may help to assess edible peanuts that have enhanced nutritional and economic values.

Peanut pod rot is one of the major plant diseases affecting peanut production and quality over China, which causes large productivity losses and is challenging to control. To improve the disease resistance of peanuts, breeding is one significant strategy. Crucial preventative and management measures include grading peanut pod rot and screening high-contributed genes that are highly resistant to pod rot should be carried out. A machine vision-based grading approach for individual cases of peanut pod rot was proposed in this study, which avoids time-consuming, labor-intensive, and inaccurate manual categorization and provides dependable technical assistance for breeding studies and peanut pod rot resistance. The Shuffle Attention module has been added to the YOLOv5s (You Only Look Once version 5 small) feature extraction backbone network to overcome occlusion, overlap, and adhesions in complex backgrounds. Additionally, to reduce missing and false identification of peanut pods, the loss function CIoU (Complete Intersection over Union) was replaced with EIoU (Enhanced Intersection over Union). The recognition results can be further improved by introducing grade classification module, which can read the information from the identified RGB images and output data like numbers of non-rotted and rotten peanut pods, the rotten pod rate, and the pod rot grade. The Precision value of the improved YOLOv5s reached 93.8%, which was 7.8%, 8.4%, and 7.3% higher than YOLOv5s, YOLOv8n, and YOLOv8s, respectively; the mAP (mean Average Precision) value was 92.4%, which increased by 6.7%, 7.7%, and 6.5%, respectively. Improved YOLOv5s has an average improvement of 6.26% over YOLOv5s in terms of recognition accuracy: that was 95.7% for non-rotted peanut pods and 90.8% for rotten peanut pods. This article presented a machine vision- based grade classification method for peanut pod rot, which offered technological guidance for selecting high-quality cultivars with high resistance to pod rot in peanut.

The total sugar content (TSC), soluble sugar content (SSC), and sucrose content (SC) are key determinants of taste and flavor of fresh and dried peanut kernels, and are important quality indicators in peanut breeding. However, the quantitative trait locus (QTLs) regulating peanut sugar content, especially in fresh seeds, remain poorly understood. In this study, TSC, SSC, and SC were measured in dried mature seeds (DMS) across four environments (three-year data from Baoding and Fuxin) and in fresh seeds (FS) across two environments (Baoding and Fuxin), and QTL mapping was performed in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (‘Silihong’×’Jinonghei3’). TSC, SSC, and SC were all lower in FS compared to DMS, indicating that the sugar content increased during the drying and maturation process. Two major co-localized QTLs, qA06 (physical location 115.08-115.73 Mb) and qB06 (physical location 147.74-148.46 Mb), were identified in multiple environments. qA06 was associated with TSC, SSC, and SC in DMS, and SSC in FS, spanning a 0.65 Mb physical interval. qB06 , spanning a 0.72Mb physical interval, was associated with TSC, SSC, SC in DMS, and TSC, SSC in FS. qB06 represents a newly identified QTL in this study; within 56 candidate genes and 319 SNPs were screened. Among them, the genes arahy.3URM83 and arahy.41Y8R9 , and arahy.P7PTW7 were closely related to sugar synthesis. Transcriptome analysis during the drying and maturation stages revealed that arahy.3URM83 and arahy.41Y8R9 were strongly associated with sugar content. The QTL regions identified in this study not only elucidate the genetic regulatory mechanism of peanut sugar content under different drying conditions but also enable the development of KASP markers, offering valuable resources for peanut quality improvement and targeted breeding programs.

Peanuts play a crucial role as an oil crop, serving not only as a primary source of edible oil but also offering ample protein and vitamins for human consumption. The lateral branch angle of peanuts is the angle between the main stem and the first pair of lateral branches, which is an important agronomic trait of peanuts, significantly impacts the peg penetration into the soil, plant growth, and pod yield. It is closely intertwined with planting density, cultivation techniques, and mechanized harvesting methods. Therefore, the lateral branch angle holds substantial importance in enhancing peanut yield and facilitating mechanization. In order to conduct in-depth research on the lateral branch angle of peanuts, this research is grounded in the QTL mapping findings, specifically focusing on the QTL qGH associated with the lateral branch angle of peanuts located on chromosome B05 (142610834-146688220). By using Jihua 5 and PZ42 for backcrossing, a BC1F2 population comprising 8000 individual plants was established. Molecular markers were then developed to screen the offspring plants, recombine individual plants, conduct fine mapping. he results showed that using the phenotype and genotype of 464 recombinant individual plants selected from 8000 offspring, narrow down the localization interval to 48kb, and designate it as qLBA . The gene Arahy.C4FM6Y , responsible for the F-Box protein, was identified within qLBA through screening. Real-time quantitative detection of Arahy.C4FM6Y was carried out using M130 and Jihua 5, revealing that the expression level of Arahy.C4FM6Y at the junction of the main stem and the first lateral branch of peanuts was lower in M130 compared to Jihua 5 during the growth period of the first lateral branch from 1 to 10 centimeters. Consequently, Arahy.C4FM6Y emerges as a gene that restrains the increase in the angle of the first lateral branch in peanuts. This investigation offers novel genetic reservoirs for peanut plant type breeding and furnishes a theoretical foundation for molecular marker-assisted peanut breeding.

Soybean ( ) seed yields rely on the efficiency of photosynthesis, which is poorly understood in soybean. Chlorophyll, the major light harvesting pigment, is crucial for chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis. Magnesium chelatase catalyzes the insertion of Mg into protoporphyrin IX in the first committed and key regulatory step of chlorophyll biosynthesis. It consists of three types of subunits, ChlI, ChlD, and ChlH. To gain a better knowledge of chlorophyll biosynthesis in soybean, we analyzed soybean Mg-chelatase subunits and their encoding genes. Soybean genome harbors 4 genes, 2 genes, and 3 genes, likely evolved from two rounds of gene duplication events. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that , and genes predominantly expressed in photosynthetic tissues, but the expression levels among paralogs are different. In silicon promoter analyses revealed these genes harbor different -regulatory elements in their promoter regions, suggesting they could differentially respond to various environmental and developmental signals. Subcellular localization analyses illustrated that GmChlI, GmChlD, and GmChlH isoforms are all localized in chloroplast, consistent with their functions. Yeast two hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays showed each isoform has a potential to be assembled into the Mg-chelatase holocomplex. We expressed each GmChlI, GmChlD, and GmChlH isoform in corresponding mutants, and results showed that 4 GmChlI and 2 GmChlD isoforms and GmChlH1 could rescue the severe phenotype of mutants, indicating that they maintain normal biochemical functions . However, GmChlH2 and GmChlH3 could not completely rescue the chlorotic phenotype of mutant, suggesting that the functions of these two proteins could be different from GmChlH1. Considering the differences shown on primary sequences, biochemical functions, and gene expression profiles, we conclude that the paralogs of each soybean Mg-chelatase subunit have diverged more or less during evolution. Soybean could have developed a complex regulatory mechanism to control chlorophyll content to adapt to different developmental and environmental situations.

Although exploration and exploitation, as a pair of paradoxical organizational outcomes, are generated by different causal conditions, the conjunction of their respective causal antecedents has yet to be fully examined. Combining environmental uncertainty, unit interdependence, entrepreneurial bricolage and firm life cycle stage in a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), the distinct causal configurations of exploration and exploitation are formalized and compared based on a survey of founders or high-level managers in 63 small firms. Results show that contrasted relationships between entrepreneurial bricolage and unit interdependence exist in that the two antecedents are partial substitutes in exploration whereas they are complements in exploitation when combined with other conditions. This study provides empirical evidence on the causal configurations of exploration and exploitation and deepens our current understanding of ambidexterity.

Although exploration and exploitation, as a pair of paradoxical organizational outcomes, are generated by different causal conditions, the conjunction of their respective causal antecedents has yet to be fully examined. Combining environmental uncertainty, unit interdependence, entrepreneurial bricolage and firm life cycle stage in a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), the distinct causal configurations of exploration and exploitation are formalized and compared based on a survey of founders or high-level managers in 63 small firms. Results show that contrasted relationships between entrepreneurial bricolage and unit interdependence exist in that the two antecedents are partial substitutes in exploration whereas they are complements in exploitation when combined with other conditions. This study provides empirical evidence on the causal configurations of exploration and exploitation and deepens our current understanding of ambidexterity.