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"Li, Zi"
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الإنسان
أصدرت مؤسسة بيت الحكمة، حديثا، سلسلة \"قصص الرموز الصينية\"، وهي أول سلسلة تثقيفية وتعليمية مترجمة تتناول البحث في قصص الرموز الصينية، والكشف عن أصل الرموز والحكايات التاريخية التى خلفها، حيث تعتمد على مقولات مبسطة تقود القارئ لمعرفة منابع الرموز الصينية وتاريخ تطورها. وتتشكل السلسلة من خمسة كتب، وهي : \"الإنسان، والحيوان، والنبات، والطبيعة، والحياة\"، ويتناول كل منها عددا من الرموز التي يحكي أصلها وطرق كتابتها على مر العصور وصولا لشكلها الحالي، بالإضافة إلى التعريف بأشكال النقوش وأنواع الخطوط الصينية ونماذج لكل منها، والطرق الأساسية لابتكار الرموز الصينية إما المعبرة عن الأشياء، أو المشتقة من معنى أجزائها، كما تتناول السلسلة، الكلمات والعبارات التي تدخل الرموز في تكوينها، والأمثال والحكم والقصص التراثية التي تستخدم الرمز أو مدلولاته في إطار أدبي شيق.
BOOK
Extracellular vesicles in tumor angiogenesis and resistance to anti‐angiogenic therapy
Tumor angiogenesis plays an important role in the development of cancer as it allows the delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and growth factors as well as tumor dissemination to distant organs. Although anti‐angiogenic therapy (AAT) has been approved for treating various advanced cancers, this potential strategy has limited efficacy due to resistance over time. Therefore, there is a critical need to understand how resistance develops. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano‐sized membrane‐bound phospholipid vesicles produced by cells. A growing body of evidence suggests that tumor cell‐derived EVs (T‐EVs) directly transfer their cargoes to endothelial cells (ECs) to promote tumor angiogenesis. Importantly, recent studies have reported that T‐EVs may play a major role in the development of resistance to AAT. Moreover, studies have demonstrated the role of EVs from non‐tumor cells in angiogenesis, although the mechanisms involved are still not completely understood. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the role of EVs derived from various cells, including tumor cells and non‐tumor cells, in tumor angiogenesis. Moreover, from the perspective of EVs, this review summarized the role of EVs in the resistance to AAT and the mechanisms involved. Due to their role in the resistance of AAT, we here proposed potential strategies to further improve the efficacy of AAT by inhibiting T‐EVs. We provide a comprehensive description of the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from various cells, including tumor cells and non‐tumor cells, in tumor angiogenesis. Moreover, from the perspective of EVs, this review summarized the role of EVs in the resistance to AAT and the mechanisms involved. Due to their role in the failure of AAT, inhibiting T‐EVs may serve as an effective method to increase the efficiency of AAT in the future.
Journal Article
الطبيعة
إن الرموز الصينية هي أحد أهم معالم اللغة الصينية فهي تعد بالأمر الغريب على كل من هو مبتدئ فى دراسة اللغة ونظرا لكثرة الرموز والتي يتجاوز عددها أكثر من 6000 رمز وهذا يجعل عملية حفظ الرموز شبه مستحيلة ولكن هذه السلسلة الفريدة والأولى من نوعها المترجمة إلى العربية التي تحكي قصة تطور الرمز بدءا من نقشه على عظام السلاحف والألواح النحاسية وبعد انتهائك من هذه السلسلة لن يقف أمامك أي رمز وستتمكن من حفظ وكتابه الرموز بشكل محترف.
Book
Genetic landscape of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Jie He and colleagues report exome sequencing of 113 tumor-normal pairs of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. They highlight mutations in genes involved in cell cycle and apoptosis regulation, histone modifier genes and genes encoding members of the Hippo and Notch pathways.
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the deadliest cancers
1
. We performed exome sequencing on 113 tumor-normal pairs, yielding a mean of 82 non-silent mutations per tumor, and 8 cell lines. The mutational profile of ESCC closely resembles those of squamous cell carcinomas of other tissues but differs from that of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Genes involved in cell cycle and apoptosis regulation were mutated in 99% of cases by somatic alterations of
TP53
(93%),
CCND1
(33%),
CDKN2A
(20%),
NFE2L2
(10%) and
RB1
(9%). Histone modifier genes were frequently mutated, including
KMT2D
(also called
MLL2
; 19%),
KMT2C
(
MLL3
; 6%),
KDM6A
(7%),
EP300
(10%) and
CREBBP
(6%).
EP300
mutations were associated with poor survival. The Hippo and Notch pathways were dysregulated by mutations in
FAT1
,
FAT2
,
FAT3
or
FAT4
(27%) or
AJUBA
(
JUB
; 7%) and
NOTCH1
,
NOTCH2
or
NOTCH3
(22%) or
FBXW7
(5%), respectively. These results define the mutational landscape of ESCC and highlight mutations in epigenetic modulators with prognostic and potentially therapeutic implications.
Journal Article
أرنوب لا يحب أذنية
تدور أحداث قصة \"أرنوب لا يجب أذنيه حول سوء فهم الأرنوب لولي لنفسه، لأنه أذنيه أصغر من آذان الأرانب الأخرى، فكان دائما يخاف من السخرية والاعتقاد بأنه فأر، لذلك قرر لولي ترك الأرانب، والتنكر في هيئة كلب ثم دب، وتتضمن القصة موضوعا مهما هو : الثقة بالنفس، وسواء أكنا أرانب أو طفلا أو بالغين فيجب أن نتعلم كيف نبني ثقتنا بأنفسنا، وأن ننظر إلأى أنفسنا نظرا صحيحا\"
BOOK
HSP90 inhibitors and cancer: Prospects for use in targeted therapies (Review)
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a vital chaperone protein, regulating signaling pathways and correcting misfolded proteins in cancer cells by interacting with oncogenic client proteins and co-chaperones. The inhibition of HSP90 chaperone machinery has been demonstrated as a potential approach with which to inhibit tumor survival, proliferation, invasion and migration. Numerous HSP90 inhibitors have been reported and have exhibited value as cancer-targeted therapies by interrupting the ATPase activity of HSP90, thus suppressing the oncogenic pathways in cancer cells. These inhibitors have been classified into three categories: i) N-terminal domain (NTD) inhibitors; ii) C-terminal domain (CTD) inhibitors; and iii) isoform-selective inhibitors. However, none of these HSP90 inhibitors are used as clinical treatments. The major limiting factors can be summarized into drug resistance, dose-limiting toxicity and poor pharmacokinetic profiles. Novel HSP90-targeted compounds are constantly being discovered and tested for their antitumor efficacy in preclinical and clinical trials, highlighting the prospect of the use of HSP90 inhibitors as cancer-targeted therapies. Additionally, improved antitumor effects have been observed when HSP90 inhibitors are used in combination with chemotherapy, targeted agents, or immunotherapy. In the present review, the effects of HSP90 inhibitors on the management of the cancer process are discussed and previous and novel HSP90-based therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment are summarized. Furthermore, prospective HSP90-targeting candidates are proposed for their future evaluation as cancer treatments.
Journal Article
الثقة في النظرية : نجاح لنظام التنمية (البديل) الخاص بالصين
جاء هذا الكتاب تحت عنوان «الثقة في النظرية : نجاح لنظام التنمية \"البديل\" الخاص بالصين» وهو من تأليف (مايا غيو) وترجمة عبد الرحمن النجار. يبحث الكتاب في التطور الصيني السريع خلال الستة عقود الماضية، والدور الذي لعبه الحزب الشيوعي الصيني في تحويل الصين إلى دولة اشتراكية حديثة مزدهرة وقوية وديمقراطية ومتطورة ثقافيا ويستكشف ويستكشف فيما إذا كان صعود الصين يهدد نموذج التنمية الغربي وخاصة بعد أن أضحى صعود الصين حقيقة لا جدال فيها. يعتبر هذا الكتاب من أنجح الكتب التي نشرت عن الصين اليوم. فهو يقدم حججا مقنعة حول نهوض الصين. وتستند الآراء المعبر عنها في الكتاب ليس فقط إلى 60 عاما من تاريخ جمهورية الصين الشعبية وإنجازاتها الملحوظة في العقود الثلاثة الماضية، ولكن أيضا على تاريخها الحديث منذ عام 1840، وتاريخها الذي دام 2000 عام كدولة موحدة، وحضارتها ذات ال 5000 سنة. وتعكس المقابلات التي أجرتها المؤلفة \"مايا غيو\" مراقبتها الدقيقة للصين اليوم. إذ تضمنت أشخاصا من دوائر مختلفة، تشمل مجالات خبرتهم السياسة والاقتصاد والمجتمع والوضع الوطني وتاريخ دبلوماسية الحزب الشيوعي الصيني والاستراتيجية العسكرية وإدارة ممتلكات الدولة والرعاية الصحية والأعمال التجارية الخاصة. وتختلف موضوعات المقابلات على نطاق واسع؛ فمن النظم والنظرية والتطوير والإصلاح، إلى نوعية الحياة والاستراتيجية والدبلوماسية وجميع من كان فيها يؤيدون التعلم من الحضارات الإنسانية، ولكنهم يصرون في الوقت نفسه على ضرورة اتخاذ مسار يناسب الصين بدلا من استنساخ النموذج الغربي. يأتي هذا الكتاب من ضمن سلسلة تتألف من ثلاثة كتب وهي : الثقة في المسار : نموذج جديد لقوة صاعدة، الثقة في النظرية : فلسفة الصين لنظام دولي جديد، والثقة في النظام : نجاح نظام التنمية \"البديل\" في الصين. بما يوفر للقارئ مقاربة نظرية وواقعية لمسار الصين ونظريتها ونظامها، ويشرح أسباب ثقة الدولة الصينية في خياراتها.
Book
Fermion-induced quantum critical points
A unified theory of quantum critical points beyond the conventional Landau–Ginzburg–Wilson paradigm remains unknown. According to Landau cubic criterion, phase transitions should be first-order when cubic terms of order parameters are allowed by symmetry in the Landau–Ginzburg free energy. Here, from renormalization group analysis, we show that second-order quantum phase transitions can occur at such putatively first-order transitions in interacting two-dimensional Dirac semimetals. As such type of Landau-forbidden quantum critical points are induced by gapless fermions, we call them fermion-induced quantum critical points. We further introduce a microscopic model of SU(
N
) fermions on the honeycomb lattice featuring a transition between Dirac semimetals and Kekule valence bond solids. Remarkably, our large-scale sign-problem-free Majorana quantum Monte Carlo simulations show convincing evidences of a fermion-induced quantum critical points for
N
= 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, consistent with the renormalization group analysis. We finally discuss possible experimental realizations of the fermion-induced quantum critical points in graphene and graphene-like materials.
Quantum phase transitions are governed by Landau-Ginzburg theory and the exceptions are rare. Here, Li et al. propose a type of Landau-forbidden quantum critical points induced by gapless fermions in two-dimensional Dirac semimetals.
Journal Article
Optically-controlled bacterial metabolite for cancer therapy
Bacteria preferentially accumulating in tumor microenvironments can be utilized as natural vehicles for tumor targeting. However, neither current chemical nor genetic approaches alone can fully satisfy the requirements on both stability and high efficiency. Here, we propose a strategy of “charging” bacteria with a nano-photocatalyst to strengthen their metabolic activities. Carbon nitride (C
3
N
4
) is combined with
Escherichia coli
(
E. coli
) carrying nitric oxide (NO) generation enzymes for photo-controlled bacterial metabolite therapy (PMT). Under light irradiation, photoelectrons produced by C
3
N
4
can be transferred to
E. coli
to promote the enzymatic reduction of endogenous NO
3
–
to cytotoxic NO with a 37-fold increase. In a mouse model, C
3
N
4
loaded bacteria are perfectly accumulated throughout the tumor and the PMT treatment results in around 80% inhibition of tumor growth. Thus, synthetic materials-remodeled microorganism may be used to regulate focal microenvironments and increase therapeutic efficiency.
Targeting tumors with bacteria as vehicles for metabolite therapy suffers from low efficiency and robustness. Here, the authors combine carbon nitride with nitric oxide generation enzyme-positive
E. coli
for photo-controlled metabolite therapy (PMT) and observe increased effects both in vitro and in tumor-bearing mice.
Journal Article
Comprehensive circular RNA profiling reveals the regulatory role of the circRNA-100338/miR-141-3p pathway in hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a class of endogenous noncoding RNAs that have recently been recognized as important regulators of gene expression and pathological networks. However, their transcriptional activities and functional mechanisms in cancer remain largely unknown. Here, we present results from a global circRNA expression and functional analysis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Using a circRNA microarray, we identified 226 differentially expressed circRNAs, of which 189 were significantly upregulated and 37 were downregulated. High expression of circRNA_100338, one of the upregulated circRNAs in HCC, is closely correlated with a low cumulative survival rate and metastatic progression in HCC patients with hepatitis B. Furthermore, our
in silico
and experimental analyses identified miR-141-3p as a direct target of circRNA_100338. Thus, circRNA_100338 functions as an endogenous sponge for miR-141-3p in HCC. In addition, we identified the crucial antagonistic roles of circRNA_100338 and miR-141-3p in the regulation of invasive potential in liver cancer cells. Overall, the differential expression of multiple circRNAs in HCC tissues and their clinical significance in hepatitis B-related HCC patients as revealed by our study suggests that circRNA_100338 is a potentially valuable biomarker for HCC diagnosis and target for HCC therapeutics.
Journal Article