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Aquaporin 9 (AQP9), as an aquaglyceroporin, is expressed in many immune cells and plays important role in tumor initiation and progression. However, the relationship between AQP9 and tumor-infiltrating cells, and its prognostic value in cancers still require comprehensive understanding. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the correlations of AQP9 with prognosis and immune infiltration levels in diverse cancers. We detected the expression and survival data of AQP9 through Oncomine, TIMER, Kaplan–Meier Plotter and PrognoScan databases. The correlations between AQP9 and immune infiltrates were analyzed in TIMER database. Our results found that high AQP9 expression was significantly correlated with worse prognosis in breast, colon and lung cancers, while predicted better prognosis in gastric cancer. Moreover, AQP9 had significant association with various immune infiltrating cells including CD8 + and CD4 + T cells, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), and diverse immune gene markers in BRCA, COAD, LUAD, LUSC and STAD. AQP9 was also significantly correlated with the regulation of tumor associated macrophages (TAM). These results indicate that AQP9 can play as a significant biomarker to determine the prognosis and the immune infiltrating levels in different cancers. It might also contribute to the development of the immunotherapy in breast, colon, lung and gastric cancers.

Currently, only a few 18 F-radiolabeling methods were conducted in aqueous media, with non-macroelement fluoride acceptors and stringent conditions required. Herein, we describe a one-step non-solvent-biased, room-temperature-driven 18 F-radiolabeling methodology based on organophosphine fluoride acceptors. The high water tolerance for this isotope-exchange-based 18 F-labeling method is attributed to the kinetic and thermodynamic preference of F/F over the OH/F substitution based on computational calculations and experimental validation. Compact [ 18/19 F]di- tert -butyl-organofluorophosphine and its derivatives used as 18 F-labeling synthons exhibit excellent stability in vivo. The synthons are further conjugated to several biomolecular ligands such as c(RGDyk) and human serum albumin. The one-step labeled biomolecular tracers demonstrate intrinsic target imaging ability and negligible defluorination in vivo. The current method thus offers a facile and efficient 18 F-radiolabeling pathway, enabling further widespread application of 18 F. The synthesis of 18 F-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) tracers is difficult and typically requires anhydrous conditions. Here, the authors developed organophosphine precursors that allow for quick, high-yield synthesis of 18 F-labeled probes in either organic solvents or aqueous media.

Constructing organic fluorophosphines, vital drug skeletons, through the direct fluorination of readily available alkyl phosphonates has been impeded due to the intrinsic low electrophilicity of P V and the high bond energy of P═O bond. Here, alkyl phosphonates are electrophilically activated with triflic anhydride and N -heteroaromatic bases, enabling nucleophilic fluorination at room temperature to form fluorophosphines via reactive phosphine intermediates. This approach facilitates the late-stage (radio)fluorination of broad dialkyl and monoalkyl phosphonates. Monoalkyl phosphonates derived from targeted drugs, including cyclophosphamide, vortioxetine, and dihydrocholesterol, are effectively fluorinated, achieving notable yields of 47−71%. Radiofluorination of medically significant 18 F-tracers and synthons are completed in radiochemical conversions (radio-TLC) of 51−88% and molar activities up to 251 ± 12 GBq/μmol (initial activity 11.2 GBq) within 10 min at room temperature. Utilizing a phosphonamidic fluoride building block (BFPA), [ 18 F]BFPA-Flurpiridaz and [ 18 F]BFPA-E[c(RGDyK)] 2 demonstrate high-contrast target imaging, excellent pharmacokinetics, and negligible defluorination. Constructing organic fluorophosphines via direct fluorination of alkyl phosphonates is challenging. Herein, the authors show that alkyl phosphonates are electrophilically activated with triflic anhydride and N -heteroaromatic bases, enabling nucleophilic fluorination at room temperature to form fluorophosphines via reactive phosphine intermediates.

Intermittent flow is a widely recognized phenomenon across various fields, characterized by the spatial‐temporal fluctuations of the two‐phase topology. However, its implications for solute dispersion and mixing remain insufficiently understood. In this study, intermittent two‐phase flow is induced within microfluidics under varying aqueous‐phase saturations. The coherent dispersive behavior of a tracer plume within the aqueous phase is systematically investigated. The results indicate that fluctuations in aqueous‐phase saturation and the dispersion coefficient persist beyond breakthrough. Flow intermittency enhances solute dispersion by directing the solute plume along temporally varying preferential paths, resulting in sharper, finger‐like concentration fronts with more pronounced gradients. Consequently, anomalous solute dispersion phenomena, including asymmetric and multimodal concentration distributions as well as prolonged tailing, are observed. Furthermore, wavelet analysis reveals a strong coherence between the flow field topology and solute mixing. Fluctuations in the dilution index consistently lag those of the effective Okubo‐Weiss parameter, highlighting the dominant role of flow field topology in controlling solute mixing. While solute dispersion is primarily enhanced by the intermittent two‐phase flow, the degree of mixing can be either suppressed or promoted. These findings advance our understanding of solute transport dynamics in intermittently connected two‐phase systems, with implications for optimizing dispersion and storage security in environmental applications, such as geological carbon sequestration.

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder. The pathophysiology remains poorly understood; however, alterations in the small intestinal microbiome have been observed. Current treatments for FD with drugs are limited, and there are certain safety problems. A class of active probiotic bacteria can control gastrointestinal homeostasis, nutritional digestion and absorption, and the energy balance when taken in certain dosages. Probiotics play many roles in maintaining intestinal microecological balance, improving the intestinal barrier function, and regulating the immune response. The presence and composition of intestinal microorganisms play a vital role in the onset and progression of FD and serve as a critical factor for both regulation and potential intervention regarding the management of this condition. Thus, there are potential advantages to alleviating FD by regulating the intestinal flora using probiotics, targeting intestinal microorganisms. This review summarizes the research progress of probiotics regarding improving FD by regulating intestinal flora and provides a reference basis for probiotics to improve FD.

With the advancement of manoeuvrability and the increasement of coherent processing interval (CPI), the observed target might be of multiple motion stages. Therefore, most existing long‐time coherent integration (LTCI) algorithms based on the assumption of single‐motion stage is not proper any more. To address this problem, this letter proposes an effective motion parameters estimation algorithm, which is the key step of LTCI, for the manoeuvring weak target with multiple motion stages based on range symmetry transform and short‐time fractional Fourier transform (RST‐STFrFT). The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by signal‐level simulations. This letter proposes a motion parameters estimation algorithm for manoeuvring weak target with multiple motion stages based on the range symmetry transform and short‐time fractional Fourier transform (RST‐STFrFT). The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by signal‐level simulations.

AimsTo assess cytokine levels in peripheral blood and tears of patients after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT).MethodsWe reviewed the data of patients who underwent allo-HSCT between October 2020 and August 2021. The patients were divided into chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease (coGVHD) and non-coGVHD groups. The corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) scores, fluorescein tear film break-up time (BUT), Schirmer I test (SIT) scores and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores were collected. The peripheral blood and tear were collected and the cytokine (IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-2, TNF-α, TNF-β, IFN-γ, ICAM-1, Fas, Fas ligand, SOD1, SOD2 and MMP9) levels detected. The cytokine levels between the two groups and the relationship between blood and tear cytokine levels were analysed.ResultsThirty-four patients were enrolled in the study, 19 of whom were diagnosed with coGVHD. The CFS scores of the coGVHD group were significantly higher than the non-coGVHD group, and the BUT and SIT in the coGVHD group were significantly lower than the non-coGVHD groups. No differences were found in the cytokines in the blood between the two groups, but the levels of cytokines in the tears of coGVHD patients were significantly higher than those in the tears of non-coGVHD patients. No significant linear correlation was detected between cytokines in blood and tears.ConclusionCytokines related to inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis were highly expressed in the tears of coGVHD patients, but not in peripheral blood, which highlights the significance of regular ophthalmologic examination and local treatment in GVHD patients.

The common mycotoxins in polluted grains are aflatoxin B1(AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Because of the potential threat to humans and animals, it is necessary to detect mycotoxin contaminants rapidly. At present, later flow immunoassay (LFIA) is one of the most frequently used methods for rapid analysis. However, multistep sample pretreatment processes and organic solvents are also required to extract mycotoxins from grains. In this study, we developed a one-step and “green” sample pretreatment method without using organic solvents. By combining with LFIA test strips and a handheld detection device, an on-site method for the rapid detection of AFB1, ZEN and DON was developed. The LODs for AFB1, ZEN and DON in corn are 0.90 μg/kg, 7.11 μg/kg and 10.6 μg/kg, respectively, and the working ranges are from 1.25 μg/kg to 40 μg/kg, 20 μg/kg to 2000 μg/kg and 35 μg/kg to 1500 μg/kg, respectively. This method has been successfully applied to the detection of AFB1, ZEN and DON in corn, rice and peanut, with recoveries of 89 ± 3%–106 ± 3%, 86 ± 2%–108 ± 7% and 90 ± 2%–106 ± 10%, respectively. The detection results for the AFB1, ZEN and DON residues in certified reference materials by this method were in good agreement with their certificate values.

Lichens that inhabit the roofs of historic buildings create a unique ecosystem. Comprehending the mechanisms underlying lichen colonization and the associated biodegradation within these structures is essential for formulating effective conservation strategies for historic buildings. Here, the microbial communities of lichens on the roofs of 10 historic buildings in Luoyang and nine surrounding counties were investigated via visual assessments and molecular biological analyses. The diversity of lichen species and their biological degradation effects on brick carvings on roof ridges were examined. The findings indicate that both the matrix characteristics of brick carvings and the climatic conditions in Luoyang facilitate the aggregation of lichen communities within these architectural features. Molecular biological tests revealed that Cyanobacteria, Bacillus, Chlorococcus, and Micromonosporaceae were among the most frequently detected bacterial taxa associated with lichens. The fungal associates included Cladosporium and Aspergillus. The infiltration patterns exhibited by certain lichen mycelia correlated with the structural properties at the interface between lichens and brick carvings, allowing mycelial penetration into the interior of these bricks. Additionally, guano not only serves as an organic nutrient source for microbial proliferation but also is a transmission medium for lichen-associated microorganisms residing on roof brick carvings. Whilst there are slight variations in microbial composition among lichens found in mountains and hilly areas around Luoyang, their colonization behaviors and degradation patterns are similar to those observed in analogous communities across different microclimate zones. The results offer a robust theoretical foundation for mitigating lichen-induced bioerosion in the historical buildings of Luoyang and serve as a valuable reference for the sustainable preservation of cultural heritage.

Aiming to address the challenges of phenological lag and the dominant role of water factors (precipitation and evapotranspiration) in dynamically predicting vegetation coverage in arid regions, this study proposes a hybrid CNN-LSTM-based prediction method. By employing the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to classify the study area into different arid region types, it provides diverse samples of vegetation coverage changes under various drought conditions for training the CNN-LSTM model. The model integrates precipitation-evapotranspiration data from multiple arid region types along with target prediction data. The CNN extracts spatial features of precipitation and evapotranspiration, while the LSTM captures long-term temporal dependencies, enabling dynamic vegetation coverage prediction. Furthermore, the study quantifies both the single-year and comprehensive dynamic change indices of vegetation coverage to characterize its temporal variations. Experimental results demonstrate that the model effectively identifies differences in rainfall characteristics across areas with different drought severity levels. In arid regions, the contribution rate of heavy rainfall to the total rainfall anomaly (25.15%) is substantially higher than that in semi-arid regions (1.55%), with statistical tests confirming a significant difference ( P  < 0.05). On the test set, the Pearson correlation coefficient between the model’s predictions and the measured data reaches 0.95, indicating strong agreement with reality. The dynamic change indices accurately capture phased variations in vegetation coverage from 2000 to 2022.