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Developing mild photocatalytic bromination strategies using sustainable bromo source has been attracting intense interests, but there is still much room for improvement. Full utilization of redox centers of photocatalysts for efficient generation of Br + species is the key. Herein we report heterogenous organophotocatalytic HBr oxidation coupled with oxygen reduction to furnish Br 2 and H 2 O 2 for effective bromination of arenes over Al 2 O 3 supported perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA). Mechanism studies suggest that O-vacancy in Al 2 O 3 can provide Lewis-acid-type anchoring sites for O 2 , enabling unexpected dual-electron transfer from anchored photoexcited PTCDA to chemically bound O 2 to produce H 2 O 2 . The in-situ generated H 2 O 2 and Br 2 over redox centers work together to generate HBrO for bromination of arenes. This work provides new insights that heterogenization of organophotocatalysts can not only help to improve their stability and recyclability, but also endow them with the ability to trigger unusual reaction mode via cooperative catalysis with supports. Developing mild photocatalytic bromination strategies using sustainable bromo source has been attracting intense interests, but there is still much room for improvement. Here, the authors report heterogenous organophotocatalytic HBr oxidation coupled with oxygen reduction to furnish Br 2 and H 2 O 2 for effective bromination of arenes.

Spacecraft components working in a complex plasma environment in space environment, and the dielectric modules in the components face the important issue of surface charging. In this work, we quantitatively study the surface potential evolution for dielectrics. The results show that continuous irradiation by the electron beam causes the dielectric surface to reach a balance state, and the balance surface potential is significantly affected by the initial surface potential, the primary electron energy of the incident electrons, and the second critical energy ( E p2 ) of the dielectric. Calculation results show that irradiating uncharged Al 2 O 3 sheet continuously with an electron beam of 15,000 eV energy can reach a surface potential of − 9501.01 V, which is a risky high potential. While the balance potential of MgO sheet under the same irradiation condition is only − 1632.34 V, indicating that dielectrics with higher E p2 are more favorable for mitigating surface charging. Besides, at electron landing energies below E p2 , the surface potentials due to irradiation are too low to induce electrostatic discharge. Multipacting simulations for coaxial filters filled with Al 2 O 3 sheets show that the first critical energy ( E p1 ) of the dielectric is affected by the surface potential and further influences the device multipacting threshold. A surface potential of + 20 V/− 80 causes the E p1 of Al 2 O 3 sheets to drop/increase from 40 eV to 20 V/120 eV, resulting in a decrease/increase in the filter multipacting threshold from 173.4 to 145.3 W/318.4 W. The work is valuable for researching the dynamic charging behavior of dielectric surfaces, and for the engineering application of dielectric multipacting in microwave devices.

In recent years, the development of MoS 2 as supercapacitor electrode material has been widely reported, and most of them adopt a single method to improve the electrochemical performance of MoS 2 . Pure MoS 2 has poor intrinsic conductivity and easy aggregation, which impedes its electrochemical performance and greatly limits its practical application. In this paper, Co-doped MoS 2 was used as the substrate to compound with g-C 3 N 4 to improve the electrochemical performance of MoS 2 . Mo 0.7 Co 0.3 S 2 /g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites with different mass ratio were successfully synthesized via solvothermal method. The effects of different ratios on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of samples were studied by a series of tests. The experimental results indicate that Mo 0.7 Co 0.3 S 2 /g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites are hexagonal structure with good crystallization, the morphologies are mainly nanosheet structure, and Mo 0.7 Co 0.3 S 2 nanoparticles are uniformly embedded on the surface of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets. Mo 0.7 Co 0.3 S 2 /g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites show pseudocapacitance behavior and excellent electrochemical performance, in particular, MCS/CN-2 electrodes (mass ratio of Mo 0.7 Co 0.3 S 2 :g-C 3 N 4 is 9:1) exhibit the best electrochemical performance. This work improves the performance of MoS 2 as electrode material of supercapacitor material through doping modification and composite of carbon material and provides reference value for subsequent research.

Metabolic changes precede malignant histology. However, it remains unclear whether detectable characteristic metabolome exists in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues and biofluids for early diagnosis. Here, we conduct NMR- and MS-based metabolomics on 1,153 matched ESCC tissues, normal mucosae, pre- and one-week post-operative sera and urines from 560 participants across three hospitals, with machine learning and WGCNA. Aberrations in ‘alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism’ proved to be prevalent throughout the ESCC evolution, consistently identified by NMR and MS, and reflected in 16 serum and 10 urine metabolic signatures in both discovery and validation sets. NMR-based simplified panels of any five serum or urine metabolites outperform clinical serological tumor markers (AUC = 0.984 and 0.930, respectively), and are effective in distinguishing early-stage ESCC in test set (serum accuracy = 0.994, urine accuracy = 0.879). Collectively, NMR-based biofluid screening can reveal characteristic metabolic events of ESCC and be feasible for early detection (ChiCTR2300073613). Metabolic changes often occur during the early stages of cancer development. Here, the authors develop metabolomics signatures from tissues, pre- and post-operative sera and urines in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, which may aid in early diagnosis.

The cultivation of edible lilies is highly susceptible to weed infestation during its growth period, and the application of herbicides is often impractical, leading to the rampant growth of diverse weed species. Laser weeding, recognized as an efficient and precise method for field weed management, presents a novel solution to the weed challenges in lily fields. The accurate localization of weed regions and the optimal selection of laser targeting points are crucial technologies for successful laser weeding implementation. In this study, we propose a two-stage weed detection and localization method specifically designed for lily fields. In the first stage, we introduce an enhanced detection model named YOLO-Morse, aimed at identifying and removing lily plants. YOLO-Morse is built upon the YOLOv8 architecture and integrates the RCS-MAS backbone, the SPD-Conv spatial enhancement module, and an adaptive focal loss function (ATFL) to enhance detection accuracy in conditions characterized by sample imbalance and complex backgrounds. Experimental results indicate that YOLO-morse achieves a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 86%, reflecting a 3.2% improvement over the original YOLOv8, and facilitates stable identification of lily regions. Subsequently, a ResNet-based segmentation network is employed to conduct semantic segmentation on the detected lily targets. The segmented results are utilized to mask the original lily areas in the image, thereby generating weed-only images for the subsequent stage. In the second stage, the original RGB field images are first converted into weed-only images by removing lily regions; these weed-only images are then analyzed in the HSV color space combined with morphological processing to precisely extract green weed regions. The centroid of the weed coordinate set is automatically determined as the laser targeting point.The proposed system exhibits superior performance in weed detection, achieving a Precision, Recall, and F1-score of 94.97%, 90.00%, and 92.42%, respectively. The proposed two-stage approach significantly enhances multi-weed detection performance in complex environments, improving detection accuracy while maintaining operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness. This method proposes a precise, efficient, and intelligent laser weeding solution for weed management in lily fields. Although certain limitations remain, such as environmental lighting variation, leaf occlusion, and computational resource constraints, the method still exhibits significant potential for broader application in other high-value crops.

Apple Valsa canker (AVC) has caused significant losses worldwide, especially in East Asia. Various fungal species from the genus Cytospora / Valsa can infect tree bark and cause tissue rot, and Valsa mali ( Vm ) is responsible for the most severe tree branch deaths and yield losses. Since AVC was first reported in Japan in 1903, the pathogen species, biological characteristics, infection and pathogenesis, spore dissemination, and disease cycle have been intensively investigated. Based on the new cognition of the disease dynamics, the disease control strategy has shifted from scraping diseased tissue to protecting the bark from infection. In this review, we summarize new knowledge of the Vm infection process mediated by various kinds of virulence factors, including cell wall degrading enzymes, toxins, effectors, microRNA-like RNAs, and pathogenic signaling regulators. We also introduce progress in evaluating germplasm resources and identifying disease response-related genes in apples. In addition, we elaborate current understanding of spore dissemination and disease cycles in orchards and disease prevention techniques. Finally, we provide recommendations for developing more cost-effective strategies for controlling AVC by applying genetic resistance and biological fungicides.

Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) derivatives have received significant attention as molecule photocatalysts. However, the poor recyclability of molecule-type photocatalysts hinders their widespread applications. Herein, immobilization of PTCDA on Al2O3 was achieved by simply physical mixing, which not only dramatically improved their recyclability, but also surprisingly improved the reactivity. A mechanism study suggested that the photo-exited state (PTCDA*) of PTCDA could promote the oxidation of thioanisole to generate PTCDA•−, which sequentially reduces oxygen to furnish superoxide radicals to achieve the catalytic cycle. Herein, the immobilization support Al2O3 was able to facilitate the strong adsorption of thioanisole, thereby boosting the photocatalytic activity. This work provides a new insight that the immobilization of organic molecular photocatalysts on those supports with proper adsorption sites could furnish highly efficient, stable, and recyclable molecular-based heterogeneous photocatalysts.

Ag2S quantum dots were dispersed on the surface of SnS2 nanoflowers forming a heterojunction via in-situ ion exchange to improve photocatalytic degradation of RhB. All samples exhibit the hexagonal wurtzite structure. The size of Ag2S@SnS2 composites are ~ 1.5 μm flower-like with good crystallinity. Meanwhile, the Eg of 3% Ag2S@SnS2 is close to that of pure SnS2. Consequently, the 3% Ag2S@SnS2 composite displays the excellent photocatalytic performance under simulated sunlight irradiation with good cycling stability, compared to the pure SnS2 and other composites. Due to the blue and yellow luminescence quenching, the photogenerated electrons and holes is effectively separated in the 3% Ag2S@SnS2 sample. Especially, the hydroxyl radicals and photogenerated holes are main active species.

In this research, the feasibility of UV/Fe(III) photocatalytic technology for the degradation of tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) was investigated. Experimental results showed that TCEP had a significant removal efficiency in UV/Fe(III) ([TCEP]0 = 10 ppm, [Fe2(SO4)3]0 = 0.5 mM, near-100% degradation rate after 90 min). A free radical scavenging experiment and EPR detection indicated that the formation of ·OH by the Fe(III) under ultraviolet light played a major role. Experiments on influencing factors revealed that oxygen accelerated the degradation of TCEP by accelerating the Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycle, but Cl− and PO43− inhibited TCEP degradation. Three intermediate products were generated, including C4H9Cl2O4P (product A, m/z 222.9690), C6H13Cl2O5P (product B, m/z 266.9954), and C2H6ClO4P (product C, m/z 160.9762). Moreover, the degradation pathways primarily involved the C–Cl bond and phosphoric center being attacked. Escherichia coli toxicity test revealed that UV/Fe(III) treatment reduced environmental risk of TCEP. Therefore, UV/Fe(III) photocatalysis is a promising technique for TCEP control in wastewater treatment.

Background Intramuscular fat (IMF) content is a crucial determinant of beef quality and a key indicator in cattle breeding and production. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing IMF deposition remain poorly understood. Results This study preliminarily explored the molecular mechanisms underlying IMF deposition by integrating weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network analysis. Sequencing of longissimus dorsi muscle samples from crossbred Wagyu cattle with varying IMF deposition levels revealed 172 differentially expressed circular RNAs (circRNAs), which were subsequently annotated and used to construct regulatory networks. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis predicted possible several lipid metabolism-related genes, including EZH2 , AKT3 , APP and SMARCA5 . By combining the miRNA and mRNA data from our previous studies, we constructed circRNA-mRNA coexpression networks and circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the identified circRNAs are involved primarily in lipid metabolism-related pathways, including phosphatidylinositol metabolism and the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Additionally, several circRNAs were predicted to function as molecular sponges based on coexpression patterns. Conclusion This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying IMF deposition in hybrid cattle and provides candidate regulatory mechanisms for further validation in selective breeding.