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Background The CYP450 family members have been extensively studied in plants, where they play essential roles in metabolism, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and the regulation of growth and development. However, their functions in edible fungi remain largely unexplored. Flammulina filiformis , an economically important mushroom, lacks a comprehensive analysis of its CYP450 genes. Therefore, this study aims to identify and characterize the CYP450 gene family in F. filiformis at the genome-wide level, investigate their expression patterns, and explore their potential biological functions, providing valuable insights into their roles in fungal growth and adaptation. Results In this study, 59 CYP450 genes, categorizing into 6 distinct clades, were identified within the genome of F. filiformis . Subcellular localization predictions suggested that the majority of these CYP450 genes are located in the endomembrane system. These 59 genes were distributed randomly across 12 chromosomes. Gene duplication analysis revealed the presence of 3 pairs of tandem repeats and 3 pairs of segmental repeat genes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 861 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ML compared with M, and 3208 DEGs in P compared with ML. The ‘oxidoreductase activity’ category was significantly enriched in the ML vs. M and P vs. ML comparisons, with CYP450 genes being predominantly represented among the DEGs. Transcriptional expression analysis demonstrated that 4 genes exhibited the highest expression levels in the M sample, 6 genes in the ML sample, and 10 genes in the primordium. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that 11 genes, including HNY6_9861 , HNY6_4590 , HNY6_1561 , HNY6_281 , HNY6_12367 , HNY6_8704 , HNY6_9581 , HNY6_8517 , HNY6_11881 , HNY6_9098 and HNY6_5841 , exhibited an increasing trend in expression levels across the lower, middle and upper parts of the stipe in both white and yellow strains. This suggests that CYP450 genes may involved in the elongation of the stipe of F. filiformis . Conclusions These results provide a foundation for further exploration of the molecular evolution mechanism and potential functions of the CYP450 genes of F. filiformis in the regulation of growth and development.

The growth of Flammulina filiformis is strongly dependent on low-temperature cues for the initiation of primordia formation. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern the mycelial response to cold stress, de novo genome sequencing of the F. filiformis monokaryon and multi-omics data (transcriptome and metabolome) analyses of the mycelia, primordia, and fruiting bodies were conducted in the present study. Genome sequencing based on PacBio HiFi and Hi-C resulted in a 36.3 Mb genome sequence that mapped to 12 chromosomes, comprising 11,886 protein-coding genes. A total of 25 cold-responsive (COR) genes and 520 cold-adapted enzymes were identified in the genome. Multi-omics analyses showed that the pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism in the mycelia under low temperature (10 °C) were significantly enriched. Further examination of the expression profiles of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) involved in carbohydrate metabolism revealed that out of 515 CAZyme genes in F. filiformis, 58 were specifically upregulated in mycelia under low-temperature conditions. By contrast, the expression levels of these genes in primordia and fruiting bodies reverted to those prior to low-temperature exposure. These indicate that CAZyme genes are important for the low-temperature adaptation of F. filiformis. This research contributes to the targeted breeding of F. filiformis.

Impairment of liver regeneration leads to severe morbidity in acute and chronic severe liver disease. Transient receptor potential melastain 8 (TRPM8) is involved in a variety of processes, including temperature sensing, ion homeostasis, and cell proliferation. However, whether TRPM8 contributes to liver regeneration is still unclear. We assessed the effect and mechanism of TRPM8 in liver regeneration and hepatocyte proliferation in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we found that TRPM8 deficiency impairs liver regeneration in mice. Mechanistically, the results revealed that mitochondrial energy metabolism was attenuated in livers from TRPM8 knockout (KO) mice. Furthermore, we found that TRPM8 contributes to the proliferation of hepatocytes via PGC1α. Taken together, this study shows that TRPM8 contributes to liver regeneration in mice after hepatectomy. Genetic approaches and pharmacological approaches to regulate TRPM8 activity may be beneficial to the promotion of liver regeneration.

In order to clarify the correlation between short-shoot Fuji apple tree structure and different factors under different trimming and pruning modes,we investigate the trunk taperingness of free-spindle short-shoot Fuji and slender-spindle short-shoot Fuji,respectively,as well as the total thickness,average thickness,total length and average length of small main branches in the standard demonstration apple garden in Xingtang County of Hebei Province. By SPSS analysis,we study the correlation between trunk taperingness of trees with different shapes and the growth indices of their small main branches. The results show that the trunk taperingness of free-spindle short-shoot Fuji apple is negatively correlated with the total thickness,average thickness,total length and average length of small main branches,but the correlation is not significant; the trunk taperingness of slender-spindle short-shoot Fuji apple is negatively correlated with the total thickness but positively correlated with other factors,and the correlation with average length reaches a significant level. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for guiding the high-density dwarf rootstock short-shoot Fuji apple tree trimming technology.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common disabling joint disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Diet may play a role in the etiology and progression of KOA, but evidence for a causal relationship is limited. We aimed to investigate the causal impact of dietary intake on KOA risk using Mendelian randomization (MR). We used summary-level data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) including dietary intake (n = 335, 394-462, 342), and KOA (n = 403, 124). We selected 6-77 genetic variants as instrumental variables for 18 dietary factors, including processed meat, poultry, beef, oily fish, non-oily fish, pork, lamb, frequency of alcohol intake, alcoholic beverages, tea, coffee, dried fruit, cereals, cheese, bread, cooked vegetables, salad/raw vegetables, and fresh fruit. We performed univariate and multivariate MR analyses to estimate the causal effect of each dietary factor on KOA risk. We also performed some sensitivity analyses to assess the validity of the MR hypothesis. We found that higher coffee intake was associated with increased KOA risk, whereas higher intake of dried fruits, grains, cheese, and oily fish was associated with reduced KOA risk. After multivariate adjustment, we found that coffee and oily fish intake may affect KOA through obesity, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, hypertension, and prolonged standing. Sensitivity analyses did not reveal any evidence of pleiotropy. Our study provides new causal evidence that dietary intake may influence KOA risk. Specifically, we suggest that increased intake of dried fruits, grains, cheese, and oily fish and decreased coffee intake may be beneficial in preventing and mitigating KOA. further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to confirm our findings in different populations.

In collisionless plasma, ion‐acoustic wave (IAW) is an important candidate for enhancing resistivity and viscosity, yet their presence and role in magnetic reconnection remain poorly understood. Here, we employ 2.5‐D particle‐in‐cell simulations to investigate IAWs in asymmetric magnetopause reconnection involving a cold ion population. Electrostatic waves propagating along the magnetic field are observed on the magnetospheric separatrix, with frequencies below the ion plasma frequency and satisfying the IAW dispersion relation. The free energy driving these waves originates from the electron outflows produced by reconnection. The IAWs mediate energy transfer by accelerating cold ions and heating hot ions, playing a crucial role in particle energization within the separatrix. In contrast, simulation without cold ions exhibits no IAW activity, confirming that their presence is essential for wave excitation. These results clarify the excitation and role of IAWs and indicate that they offer an additional pathway for cross‐species energy coupling in magnetic reconnection.

We investigated quinolone resistance in Mycoplasma bovis samples isolated in China during 2008-2023. Sequence type 52 was the dominant genotype; GyrA (S83F/Y) and ParC (S80R) protein double mutations caused high resistance to fluoroquinolones. Increased vigilance and surveillance of M. bovis infections in cattle will be needed to prevent disease.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity, with acute kidney injury (AKI) as a common complication. This study aimed to investigate the potential of serum Klotho protein levels as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for AKI in TBI patients.The results showed that serum Klotho level 177.3 (165.43,195.07) (pg/ml) was elevated in patients with traumatic brain injury as compared to normal group 134.8(125.6,138.9) (pg/ml) . We conducted univariate analyses of all potential factors, resulting in four variables for inclusion in the multivariate analysis. Among them, the HR value of Klotho protein was 2.076. Comparing the predictive efficacy of serum creatinine and Klotho protein, the ROC value of Klotho protein was 0.832 (95% CI: 0.709–0.898), suggesting higher predictive ability than serum creatinine. Modestly elevated serum Klotho protein levels were associated with a higher risk of AKI and a poor long-term prognosis.These findings suggested that serum Klotho protein levels may serve as an early diagnostic indicator and predictor of outcomes in TBI patients with AKI, providing insights for potential therapeutic interventions. Further research is needed to validate these findings and explore the clinical utility of targeting the Klotho pathway in TBI-associated AKI.

PurposeThis is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to detect the incidence and risk factors for postoperative shoulder imbalance (PSI) in scoliosis.MethodsA systematic online search was conducted to identify eligible studies. ES, OR and WMD with 95% CI were used to assess the incidence and risk factors associated with PSI.ResultsTwenty-six studies were recruited. The pooled incidence of PSI was 25% (95% CI 20–31%). The incidence in Lenke 1 AIS, Lenke 2 AIS, Lenke 5 AIS and mixed AIS was 20% (9–31%), 26% (15–37%), 31% (17–45%) and 27% (19–35%), respectively. Using RSH ≥10 mm as the criterion of PSI, we found that preoperative LC, postoperative RSH, correction rate of MTC at follow-up were primary risk factors for PSI at follow-up. In the analysis of using RSH ≥20 mm as the criterion of PSI, our results showed that Risser sign, postoperative RSH, correction rate of PTC at follow-up, and LC at follow-up were contributing to PSI. Besides, scoliosis patients with PSI were more likely to suffer from adding-on.ConclusionsThe pooled incidence of PSI in scoliosis was 25%. Risser sign, preoperative LC, postoperative RSH, correction rate of PTC at follow-up, correction rate of MTC at follow-up, and LC at follow-up were risk factors for PSI in patients with scoliosis. Adding-on might be a compensatory mechanism for PSI. It is recommended that (1) sufficient correction of PTC and moderate correction of MTC and LC in the operation should be performed; (2) PSI should be prevented not only for the patients’ postoperative appearance, but also for preventing the adding-on phenomenon.

Mercury's magnetotail hosts a thin and highly dynamic current sheet (CS), where magnetic reconnection and strong fluctuations frequently occur. Here, we statistically analyze magnetic field power spectra across 370 magnetotail CSs observed by MESSENGER. About 20% of the events are quasi‐laminar, showing single power‐law spectra, whereas ∼80% are turbulent, exhibiting a spectral break separating inertial and kinetic ranges. A dawn–dusk asymmetry is identified: inertial‐range slopes are systematically shallower on the dawnside, whereas kinetic‐range slopes are steeper, indicating more developed turbulence there, consistent with the higher occurrence of reconnection‐related processes on the dawnside. Component analysis shows that the transverse components, orthogonal to the tail‐aligned principal field (BX), display shallow slopes near −1 in the inertial range, suggesting energy injection at ion scales rather than a classical inertial range. These results demonstrate that Mercury's unique plasma environment fundamentally reshapes the initiation of turbulence and the redistribution of energy in the magnetotail.