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Ecosystem restoration has traditionally focused on re-establishing vegetation and other foundation species at basal trophic levels, with mixed outcomes. Here, we show that threatened shorebirds could be important to restoring coastal wetland multifunctionality. We carried out surveys and manipulative field experiments in a region along the Yellow Sea affected by the invasive cordgrass Spartina alterniflora . We found that planting native plants alone failed to restore wetland multifunctionality in a field restoration experiment. Shorebird exclusion weakened wetland multifunctionality, whereas mimicking higher predation before shorebird population declines by excluding their key prey – crab grazers – enhanced wetland multifunctionality. The mechanism underlying these effects is a simple trophic cascade, whereby shorebirds control crab grazers that otherwise suppress native vegetation recovery and destabilize sediments (via bioturbation). Our findings suggest that harnessing the top-down effects of shorebirds – through habitat conservation, rewilding, or temporary simulation of consumptive or non-consumptive effects – should be explored as a nature-based solution to restoring the multifunctionality of degraded coastal wetlands. Ecological restoration success may depend on interactions between multiple trophic levels. Here, the authors show that top-down control of crab grazers by shorebirds could help rebuild wetland multifunctionality after invasive cordgrass eradication.

This study aimed to investigate the real-world profile of adverse events (AEs) associated with gepant medications in the clinical treatment of migraines by analyzing data collected from the VigiAccess database and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. As novel migraine therapies, gepants act by targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway, demonstrating effective control of migraine attacks and good tolerability. Nonetheless, comprehensive real-world studies on the safety of gepants are still lacking, particularly regarding their safety in large populations, long-term use, and potential adverse reactions in specific groups, which necessitates further empirical research. Leveraging these two international adverse event reporting system databases, we systematically gathered and analyzed reports of AEs related to gepant medications, such as rimegepant. Our focus encompasses but is not limited to severe, new, and rare adverse reactions induced by the drugs, as well as safety issues pertaining to the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal systems. Through descriptive statistical analyses, we assessed the incidence and characteristics of AEs, compared AEs among gepants, and uncovered previously unknown AE information, all with the goal of providing a reference for the selection of clinical treatment regimens and AE monitoring. By extracting all AE reports concerning \"rimegepant\", \"atogepant\", and \"ubrogepant\" from the VigiAccess and FAERS database since its establishment up to 31 March 2024, a retrospective quantitative analysis was conducted. The reporting odds ratio (ROR) method were used to compare AEs among the three gepants. In the VigiAccess and FAERS databases, 23542 AE reports in total, respectively, were identified as being related to gepant medications. Among gastrointestinal system AEs, rimegepant had the greatest proportion and greatest signal strength; nausea was most severe and had the strongest signal in rimegepant AEs, whereas constipation was most prominent and had the strongest signal in atogepant AEs. In skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders, rash and pruritus were more frequently observed with rimegepant, followed by ubrogepant. Alopecia emerged as a novel AE, being more severe in rimegepant and secondarily in atogepant. Regarding cardiac disorders, the three gepants showed comparable rates of cardiac AEs, yet rimegepant exhibited the strongest AE signal. In musculoskeletal and connective tissue AEs, ubrogepant presented the most positive signals for skeletal muscle AEs. Furthermore, among the rare blood and lymphatic system disorder AEs, rimegepant had the highest number of reports of Raynaud's phenomenon and the strongest signal. The study also revealed that while reports of AEs involving liver diseases were scarce across the three gepants, severe AEs were detected in clinical trials, highlighting the need for continued, enhanced monitoring of liver system AEs through large-scale datasets. Gepant medications exhibit similarities and differences in their safety profiles. Analysis of the two databases indicated the presence of AEs across various systems, including gastrointestinal disorders, skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases, musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders, organ-specific effects, and liver diseases. However, each drug displays distinct incidences and signal intensities for these AEs. Additionally, the study revealed a rare AE in the form of Raynaud's phenomenon. These findings suggest that during clinical use, individualized medication selection and AE monitoring should be based on the patient's physiological condition and specific characteristics.

The crucian carp is an important aquaculture species and a potential model to study genome evolution and physiological adaptation. However, so far the genomics and transcriptomics data available for this species are still scarce. We performed de novo transcriptome sequencing of four cDNA libraries representing brain, muscle, liver and kidney tissues respectively, each with six specimens. The removal of low quality reads resulted in 2.62 million raw reads, which were assembled as 127,711 unigenes, including 84,867 isotigs and 42,844 singletons. A total of 22,273 unigenes were found with significant matches to 14,449 unique proteins. Around14,398 unigenes were assigned with at least one Gene Ontology (GO) category in 84,876 total assignments, and 6,382 unigenes were found in 237 predicted KEGG pathways. The gene expression analysis revealed more genes expressed in brain, more up-regulated genes in muscle and more down-regulated genes in liver as compared with gene expression profiles of other tissues. In addition, 23 enzymes in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway were recovered. Importantly, we identified 5,784 high-quality putative SNP and 11,295 microsatellite markers which include 5,364 microsatellites with flanking sequences ≥50 bp. This study produced the most comprehensive genomic resources that have been derived from crucian carp, including thousands of genetic markers, which will not only lay a foundation for further studies on polyploidy origin and anoxic survival but will also facilitate selective breeding of this important aquaculture species.

Hypertension generally causes target organ damage (TOD) in the heart, brain, kidney, and blood vessels. This can result in atherosclerosis, plaque formation, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, and renal failure. Recent studies have indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction is crucial in hypertensive target organ damage. Consequently, mitochondria-targeted therapies attract increasing attention. Natural compounds are valuable resources for drug discovery and development. Many studies have demonstrated that natural compounds can ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction in hypertensive target organ damage. This review examines the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to the development of target organ damage in hypertension. Moreover, it summarizes therapeutic strategies based on natural compounds that target mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be beneficial for preventing and treating hypertensive target organ damage.

Body color and coloration patterns are important phenotypic traits to maintain survival and reproduction activities. The Oujiang color varieties of common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. color), with a narrow distribution in Zhejiang Province of China and a history of aquaculture for over 1,200 years, consistently exhibit a variety of body color patterns. The molecular mechanism underlying diverse color patterns in these variants is unknown. To the practical end, it is essential to develop molecular markers that can distinguish different phenotypes and assist selective breeding. In this exploratory study, we conducted Roche 454 transcriptome sequencing of two pooled skin tissue samples of Oujiang common carp, which correspond to distinct color patterns, red with big black spots (RB) and whole white (WW), and a total of 737,525 sequence reads were generated. The reads obtained in this study were co-assembled jointly with common carp Roche 454 sequencing reads downloaded from NCBI SRA database, resulting in 43,923 isotigs and 546,676 singletons. Over 31 thousand (31,445; 71.6%) isotigs were found with significant BLAST matches (E<1e-10) to the nr protein database, which corresponds to 12,597 annotated zebrafish genes. A total of 70,947 isotigs and singletons (transcripts) were annotated with Gene Ontology, and 60,221 transcripts were found with corresponding EC numbers. Out of 145 zebrafish pigmentation genes, orthologs for 117 were recovered in Oujiang color carp transcriptome, including 18 found only among singletons. Our transcriptome analysis revealed over 52,902 SNPs in Oujiang common carp, and identified 63 SNP markers that are putatively unique either for RB or WW. The transcriptome of Oujiang color varieties of common carp obtained through this study, along with the pigmentation genes recovered and the color pattern-specific molecular markers developed, will facilitate future research on the molecular mechanism of color patterns and promote aquaculture of Oujiang color varieties of common carp through molecular marker assisted-selective breeding.

Several coumarins have been isolated from L., but the chirality of many remains uncharacterized or their absolute configurations unresolved. This study aimed to comprehensively separate and characterize the chirality of 3'-methyl-3'-butenylcoumarins from extracts, determine their absolute configurations, and evaluate their anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory activities. Comprehensive chromatographic separation and chiral HPLC analysis were employed on the extract. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated using extensive spectroscopic data analysis (HR-ESI-MS, NMR) and by comparing experimental circular dichroism (CD) spectra with calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. The anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory (specifically inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages) activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated. The study led to the isolation of two pairs of enantiomeric 3'-methyl-3'-butenylcoumarins, present in both equivalent and inequivalent ratios. This included two previously undescribed chiral 3'-methyl-3'-butenylcoumarins with specific absolute configurations [(+)-2' - and (-)-2' - ] and one undescribed achiral 3'-methyl-3'-butenylcoumarin ( ). Among the tested compounds, only the racemic mixture (±)- exhibited moderate inhibition of NO production in the anti-inflammatory assay. No significant anticoagulant activity was reported for the compounds. This study successfully characterized the chirality and determined the absolute configurations of specific 3'-methyl-3'-butenylcoumarins from , including the discovery of three new compounds. While most isolated compounds lacked significant anticoagulant or anti-inflammatory activity in the tested models, racemic (±)- showed moderate anti-inflammatory potential by inhibiting NO production. These findings provide new insights for the future development and utilization of coumarins from .

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major complication of diabetes. seeds are recognized as a source of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits, prompting investigation into their specific components and effects on DN. This study aimed to isolate bioactive compounds from seeds and evaluate their renoprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of action against high-glucose-induced diabetic nephropathy. Four cyanoglycosides and one cyanoaglycone were isolated from seeds using chromatographic techniques. The renoprotective effects of these compounds were then evaluated using an model of high-glucose-induced diabetic nephropathy in HBZY-1 mesangial cells. Mechanistic studies further investigated the compounds' effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial function, expression of the glycolysis-related protein PFKFB3, and the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Two previously undescribed cyanoglycosides were isolated alongside three known compounds. All five compounds demonstrated significant renoprotective effects in the high-glucose-induced HBZY-1 cell model. Mechanistically, these effects were achieved by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, protecting mitochondrial function, modulating the expression of the glycolysis-related protein PFKFB3, and inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway, collectively contributing to beneficial metabolic reprogramming. This study isolated two novel cyanoglycosides from seeds. These compounds, alongside known ones, protect against high-glucose-induced renal injury. Their renoprotection involves metabolic reprogramming suppressing oxidative stress/inflammation, preserving mitochondrial function, modulating PFKFB3, and inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad signaling. These findings offer insights for utilizing seeds and suggest these cyanoglycosides as potential diabetic nephropathy therapeutics.

PurposeConversion of coastal mudflats to agricultural soil is one of the most important land use practices in Eastern China. However, effects of soil profile and reclamation time on soil microbial community, which play an important role in soil nutrient cycling, are still poorly documented.Materials and methodsSoil profile (0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, 30–45 cm) samples were collected from four sites with different reclamation ages (R12: 12 years, R38: 38 years, R68: 68 years, R100: 100 years) in Rudong County, Nantong, Jiangsu, China. Soil bacterial communities were determined via Illumina 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing.Results and discussionSoil electrical conductivity (EC) responded more rapidly to reclamation time than soil pH. Soil total carbon and nitrogen increased with increasing reclamation age. Soil available nutrients (ammonium, nitrate, dissolved organic carbon, and available phosphorus) were affected by the agricultural practice and did not show a unanimous tendency between different reclaimed sites. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, and Bacteroidota dominated the bacterial community across different sites and soil profiles. However, Methylomirabilota- and Nitrospirota-associated species, which are involved in nitrogen cycling, increased with increasing soil depth. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that bacterial community was grouped by soil depth and also significantly affected by soil pH, EC, and reclaimed time. Moreover, co-occurrence network analysis showed a potential role of low abundant phyla besides dominant phyla in stabilizing the bacterial community, and the connection between soil properties and bacterial amplicon sequence variant (ASV) numbers would shift along soil profiles.ConclusionsReclamation time of the coastal mudflats is not the only reason for the shift of bacterial community. Here, we found soil profile had a strong influence on soil bacterial composition in the coastal reclaimed wheat-maize rotation soils.

Background The Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus is an important amphibian species in China because of its increasing economic value, protection status and special evolutionary position from aquatic to terrestrial animal. Its large genome presents challenges to genetic research. Genetic linkage mapping is an important tool for genome assembly and determination of phenotype-related loci. Results In this study, we constructed a high-density genetic linkage map using ddRAD sequencing technology to obtain SNP genotyping data of members from an full-sib family which sex had been determined. A total of 10,896 markers were grouped and oriented into 30 linkage groups, representing 30 chromosomes of A. davidianus . The genetic length of LGs ranged from 17.61 cM (LG30) to 280.81 cM (LG1), with a mean inter-locus distance ranging from 0.11(LG3) to 0.48 cM (LG26). The total genetic map length was 2643.10 cM with an average inter-locus distance of 0.24 cM. Three sex-related loci and four sex-related markers were found on LG6 and LG23, respectively. Conclusion We constructed the first High-density genetic linkage map and identified three sex-related loci in the Chinese giant salamander. Current results are expected to be a useful tool for future genomic studies aiming at the marker-assisted breeding of the species.

This study examines the genetic diversity and population structure of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), an ecologically and economically important freshwater species. Samples were collected from 17 sites along the Yangtze River, including LCH, LCS, LJHK, and LXZX, as well as one population from the United States (SV). Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) generated 759,453 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for population genomic analyses, including genetic differentiation (FST), population structure, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay. Genetic variation was primarily found within populations (78.05%), with 21.94% among populations. Most sites exhibited low genetic differentiation (FST < 0.05), suggesting high admixture along the river, although a few sites displayed elevated values (FST > 0.15). Rapid LD decay in LCH, LCS, and LJZ indicated frequent recombination and moderate to large effective population sizes. These patterns reflect the influence of geographic and ecological factors on population structure. Conservation strategies should maintain genetic connectivity while protecting distinct genetic resources. Populations with high differentiation, such as LXZX and LWZ, warrant targeted management to preserve unique genetic diversity.