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"Lin, Albert C"
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RATIONING PUBLIC LANDS
2024
Visitation at national parks and other public lands has surged to record levels, a trend intensified in many places by the COVID-19 pandemic. Unfortunately, the popularity of public lands has led to congestion, a degraded outdoor experience, and damage to natural resources. In response, land managers have adopted capacity limits, reservation requirements, and other access restrictions. The growing restrictions on access to public lands raise serious concerns. They threaten individual benefits that public lands generate for physical and mental health, as well as collective benefits to cultural identity and national unity. Restrictions on access often have disparate impacts on those who are economically disadvantaged or lack technological savvy. In addition, land managers sometimes institute these restrictions with little or no notice or opportunity for public input. Although public land managers have various tools to accommodate high visitation, they sometimes have to ration access to public lands. Closures and other restrictions may be necessary to ensure public safety, maintain the quality of visitor experiences, or protect wildlife and other resources. This Article explores guidelines to assist land managers as they make difficult decisions about the restriction and allocation of access to public lands.
Journal Article
Different toll-like receptor stimuli have a profound impact on cytokines required to break tolerance and induce autoimmunity
2011
Although toll-like receptor (TLR) signals are critical for promoting antigen presenting cell maturation, it remains unclear how stimulation via different TLRs influence dendritic cell (DC) function and the subsequent adaptive response in vivo. Furthermore, the relationship between TLR-induced cytokine production by DCs and the consequences on the induction of a functional immune response is not clear. We have established a murine model to examine whether TLR3 or TLR4 mediated DC maturation has an impact on the cytokines required to break tolerance and induce T-cell-mediated autoimmunity. Our study demonstrates that IL-12 is not absolutely required for the induction of a CD8 T-cell-mediated tissue specific immune response, but rather the requirement for IL-12 is determined by the stimuli used to mature the DCs. Furthermore, we found that IFNα is a critical pathogenic component of the cytokine milieu that circumvents the requirement for IL-12 in the induction of autoimmunity. These studies illustrate how different TLR stimuli have an impact on DC function and the induction of immunity.
Journal Article
Carbon Dioxide Removal after Paris
2019
Notwithstanding adoption of the Paris Agreement on climate change, mitigation of
greenhouse gas emissions appears unlikely to achieve the stated goal of limiting
the mean global temperature increase to 2°C. Under many scenarios, achieving
this goal would require not only vigorous mitigation efforts, but also the
deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies or solar geoengineering. While
serious consideration of solar geoengineering remains fraught with peril, the
use of carbon dioxide removal to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
store it elsewhere appears increasingly likely. Carbon dioxide removal
techniques generally would have to be undertaken on a massive scale to be
effective. However, the techniques are not ready for deployment, and their
widespread use would impact land use, biodiversity, food security, water
availability, and other resources.
Such impacts demand greater attention to managing carbon dioxide removal efforts
and their effects. The Paris Agreement does not directly mention carbon dioxide
removal, however, and relatively little attention has been directed toward
carbon dioxide removal governance thus far. This Article explores key issues of
carbon dioxide removal governance, such as promoting the generation of
information, mainstreaming carbon dioxide removal into public and policy
discussions, and furthering carbon dioxide removal development while avoiding
lock-in of suboptimal technologies.
Journal Article
Climate Policy Buffers
2022
The Trump administration wreaked havoc on U.S. climate policy by withdrawing from the Paris Agreement, undoing climate regulations, and undermining the foundation of future regulatory efforts. The Biden administration has begun to reverse the Trump administration's climate rollbacks, but Democrats have struggled to enact legislation that would directly limit carbon emissions. Because federal climate policy remains rooted in agency rules and policies, the election of the next Republican president may herald further policy whiplash. Swings in climate policy waste limited government resources, foster uncertainty, weaken trust in federal climate policy, undermine climate mitigation efforts, and make future responses to climate change even more difficult. Understanding how to safeguard administrative climate policy from future rollbacks is essential. This Article contends that a suite of factors-including features of administrative law, subsidies for renewables, state climate policies and lawsuits, nongovernmental climate initiatives, incompetence, and happenstance-have all played important roles in buffering federal climate policy from more extensive damage. The Article then considers how to bolster these factors to protect federal climate policies from future efforts to undo them.
Journal Article
What Is the Role of Left Atrial Appendage Closure in the Rhythm Control of Atrial Fibrillation?
2018
Interventional catheter ablation approaches to the rhythm control of atrial fibrillation (AF) have advanced significantly in the past decade. The foundation of the catheter ablation in AF is electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins (PVI). However, PVI only in more advanced stages of AF (persistent AF) has only modest to poor success rates prompting a search for alternative and adjunctive procedures to improve the outcomes of ablation in persistent AF. The left atrial appendage (LAA) is well understood to be a primary source of emboli in AF but less well known be a trigger or driver for AF. Therefore, LAA exclusion is an attractive target to potentially improve AF ablation outcomes in more advanced stages of AF and possibly as an alternative to chronic oral anticoagulation in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in AF. However, the precise role of LAA closure in the interventional approach to AF is still to be elucidated with ongoing clinical investigations.
Journal Article
FRACKING AND FEDERALISM: A COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO RECONCILING NATIONAL AND SUBNATIONAL INTERESTS IN THE UNITED STATES AND SPAIN
2014
Hydraulic fracturing presents challenges for oversight because its various effects occur at different scales and implicate distinct policy concerns. The uneven distribution of fracturing's benefits and burdens, moreover, means that national and subnational views regarding fracturing's desirability are likely to diverge. This Article examines the tensions between national and subnational oversight of hydraulic fracturing in the United States, where the technique has been most commonly deployed, and Spain, which is contemplating its use for the first time. Drawing insights from the federalism literature, this Article offers recommendations for accommodating the varied interests at stake in hydraulic fracturing policy within the contrasting governmental systems of these two countries.
Journal Article
Making Net Zero Matter
2022
In recent months, dozens of countries and thousands of businesses have pledged to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions. However, net zero often means different things to different entities, and it is often uncertain how net zero pledges-which set targets years or decades from the present-will be met. This Article considers the motivations behind net zero pledges, highlights the underappreciated role of carbon removal in net zero efforts, and identifies mechanisms for encouraging the accomplishment of net zero goals. Two key strategies are essential to making net zero targets matter. First, society should develop and implement accountability and enforcement mechanisms to promote follow through on net zero commitments. These mechanisms include disclosure standards, benchmarks, contractual arrangements, and legal claims under securities and consumer protection laws. Second, net zero pledges should incorporate distinct targets for emissions reduction and carbon removal. Carbon mitigation and carbon removal differ in significant ways with respect to verifiability, permanence, readiness, and risks. Distinguishing carbon mitigation and carbon removal in net zero goals is essential to avoid undermining efforts to achieve climate goals, shifting the burdens of climate action to vulnerable populations or future generations, and increasing societal, health, and environmental risks.
Journal Article
Does Geoengineering Present a Moral Hazard?
Geoengineering, a set of unconventional, untested, and risky proposals for responding to climate change, has attracted growing attention in the wake of our collective failure so far to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Geoengineering research and deployment remain highly controversial, however, not only because of the risks involved, but also because of concern that geoengineering might undermine climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. The latter concern, often described as a moral hazard, has been questioned by some but not carefully explored. This Article examines the critical question of whether geoengineering presents a moral hazard by drawing on empirical studies of moral hazard and risk compensation and on the psychology literature of heuristics and cultural cognition. The Article finds it likely that geoengineering efforts will undermine mainstream strategies to combat climate change and suggests potential measures for ameliorating this moral hazard.
Journal Article
CLINTON'S NATIONAL MONUMENTS: A DEMOCRAT'S UNDEMOCRATIC ACTS?
2002
This article explores the consistency of Antiquities Act authority with democratic values in the context of President William Clinton's designation or expansion of twenty-two national monuments. The article concludes that, contrary to the views of some of the Act's detractors, neither the Antiquities Act, nor the manner in which President Clinton exercised its authority, can accurately be described as undemocratic. The Act provides for resource-protective decisions to be made by the elected leader of the American people, subject to further debate and disposition by the people's elected representatives in Congress. Although the chief executive's ability to act quickly in emergency situations to protect resources on the public lands does not by itself provide a satisfying justification for his broad powers under the Act, his distinction as the one leader elected by all the American people places him in a unique position to exercise long-term and broadscale judgments regarding the national and historical significance of public lands.
Journal Article