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Metallic surface defect detection is an essential and necessary process to control the qualities of industrial products. However, due to the limited data scale and defect categories, existing defect datasets are generally unavailable for the deployment of the detection model. To address this problem, we contribute a new dataset called GC10-DET for large-scale metallic surface defect detection. The GC10-DET dataset has great challenges on defect categories, image number, and data scale. Besides, traditional detection approaches are poor in both efficiency and accuracy for the complex real-world environment. Thus, we also propose a novel end-to-end defect detection network (EDDN) based on the Single Shot MultiBox Detector. The EDDN model can deal with defects with different scales. Furthermore, a hard negative mining method is designed to alleviate the problem of data imbalance, while some data augmentation methods are adopted to enrich the training data for the expensive data collection problem. Finally, the extensive experiments on two datasets demonstrate that the proposed method is robust and can meet accuracy requirements for metallic defect detection.

The clinical applications of magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) have been largely hindered by the poor magnetic-to-thermal conversion efficiency of MHT agents. Herein, we develop a facile and efficient strategy for engineering encapsulin-produced magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites (eMIONs) via a green biomineralization procedure. We demonstrate that eMIONs have excellent magnetic saturation and remnant magnetization properties, featuring superior magnetic-to-thermal conversion efficiency with an ultrahigh specific absorption rate of 2390 W/g to overcome the critical issues of MHT. We also show that eMIONs act as a nanozyme and have enhanced catalase-like activity in the presence of an alternative magnetic field, leading to tumor angiogenesis inhibition with a corresponding sharp decrease in the expression of HIF-1α. The inherent excellent magnetic-heat capability, coupled with catalysis-triggered tumor suppression, allows eMIONs to provide an MRI-guided magneto-catalytic combination therapy, which may open up a new avenue for bench-to-bed translational research of MHT. The clinical application of magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) is limited by the poor magnetic-to-thermal conversion efficiency of MHT agents. Here, the authors develop encapsulin-produced magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites (eMIONs) with excellent magnetic-heat capability and catalysis-triggered tumor suppression ability to overcome the critical issues of MHT.

Background Water stress is one of the serious abiotic stresses that negatively influences the growth, development and production of sugarcane in arid and semi-arid regions. However, silicon (Si) has been applied as an alleviation strategy subjected to environmental stresses. Methods In this experiment, Si was applied as soil irrigation in sugarcane plants to understand the mitigation effect of Si against harmful impact of water stress on photosynthetic leaf gas exchange. Results In the present study we primarily revealed the consequences of low soil moisture content, which affect overall plant performance of sugarcane significantly. Silicon application reduced the adverse effects of water stress by improving the net photosynthetic assimilation rate ( A net ) 1.35–18.75%, stomatal conductance to water vapour (gs) 3.26–21.57% and rate of transpiration (E) 1.16–17.83%. The mathematical models developed from the proposed hypothesis explained the functional relationships between photosynthetic responses of Si application and water stress mitigation. Conclusions Silicon application showed high ameliorative effects on photosynthetic responses of sugarcane to water stress and could be used for mitigating environmental stresses in other crops, too, in future.

The requirement for agricultural crops continues to enhance with the continuous growth of the human population globally. Plant pathogenic diseases outbreaks are enhancing and threatening food security and safety for the vulnerable in different regions worldwide. Silicon (Si) is considered a non-essential element for plant growth. It regulates the biological functions, plant development and productivity, and balance the defense mechanism in response to fungal, bacterial and pest attacks. The optimum crop yield can be achieved by applying Si in agricultural systems through different methods to replace or minimize the use of synthetic fertilizers. This approach can be effective on crop production during limited resources, extreme climates, pests and diseases, and environmental pollution. Silicon can be applied as foliar spray, priming of seeds, soil water irrigation, soil amendment and soilless medium (hydroponic) to enhance plant performance and stress tolerance capacity during stress conditions. This article summarized the effective roles of Si and the ability to perform in agroecosystems for better crop production, food security and safety for sustainable agriculture in the future.

Molecular understanding of the solid–liquid interface is challenging but essential to elucidate the role of the environment on the kinetics of electrochemical reactions. Alkali metal cations (M + ), as a vital component at the interface, are found to be necessary for the initiation of carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) on coinage metals, and the activity and selectivity of CO 2 RR could be further enhanced with the cation changing from Li + to Cs + , while the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Herein, using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations with explicit solvation and enhanced sampling methods, we systematically investigate the role of M + in CO 2 RR on Cu surface. A monotonically decreasing CO 2 activation barrier is obtained from Li + to Cs + , which is attributed to the different coordination abilities of M + with *CO 2 . Furthermore, we show that the competing hydrogen evolution reaction must be considered simultaneously to understand the crucial role of alkali metal cations in CO 2 RR on Cu surfaces, where H + is repelled from the interface and constrained by M + . Our results provide significant insights into the design of electrochemical environments and highlight the importance of explicitly including the solvation and competing reactions in theoretical simulations of CO 2 RR. Alkali metal cations affect CO 2 electroreduction performance. Here, the authors provide a comprehensive molecular understanding of the alkali metal cation effects on both CO 2 activation and competing hydrogen evolution based on explicit solvation models.

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a class of epigenetic regulators that play pivotal roles in key biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and immune regulation. Based on this, HDAC inhibitors (HDACis), as novel epigenetic-targeted therapeutic agents, have demonstrated significant antitumor potential by inducing cell cycle arrest, activating apoptosis, and modulating the immune microenvironment. Current research is focused on developing highly selective HDAC isoform inhibitors and combination therapy strategies tailored to molecular subtypes, aiming to overcome off-target effects and resistance issues associated with traditional broad-spectrum inhibitors. This review systematically elaborates on the multidimensional regulatory networks of HDACs in tumor malignancy and assesses the clinical translation progress of next-generation HDACis and their prospects in precision medicine, providing a theoretical framework and strategic reference for the development of epigenetic-targeted antitumor drugs.

In this paper, the detection algorithms of two generalized spatial modulation (GSM) schemes in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) visible light communication (VLC) system are developed and analyzed. The considered optical GSM schemes are GSM with Transmit Diversity (GSM-TD) and GSM with Multi-Stream (GSM-MS). By allowing each activated LED to transmit independent temporal symbols simultaneously, GSM-MS benefits from higher bits per channel use (bpcu) than the GSM-TD scheme. Existing maximum likelihood (ML) detection algorithm is computationally prohibitive; hence, we develop a two-stage (identification followed by detection) receiver that decodes the spatial and temporal symbols in a sequential manner. In the first stage, we propose two algorithms, namely subspace tracking and spatial matched filtering (SMF), to identify the indices of activated LEDs, while in the second stage, effective matched filter (EMF) and decorrelating detector are employed to extract temporal symbols for GSM-TD and GSM-MS scheme, respectively. The performance assessment, including the computation load, correct identification probability and the average symbol error rate (SER), is comprehensively evaluated by computation simulation. It is shown that the complexity of the proposed two detection algorithms is extensively reduced compared with the ML algorithm. It is also demonstrated that ML detector offers the best SER performance; nevertheless, SER of the proposed algorithms approaches ML detector in high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or large receiver array size scenarios.

Sepsis-induced lymphopenia is associated with adverse outcomes, yet static assessments at a single time point fail to capture the clinical significance of its dynamic evolution, and the effects of the trajectories of lymphopenia on prognosis are to be elucidated in sepsis. This retrospective cohort study extracted data from the MIMIC-IV (v3.1) database. Adult septic patients with initial lymphopenia (<1.0 × 10⁹/L) were included. Group-Based Trajectory Modeling (GBTM) identified lymphocyte count trajectories. Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank test was used to visualize survival differences. Multivariable Cox and logistic regression assessed associations between trajectories and 7-day, 28-day, ICU, and in-hospital mortality. Subgroup analyses validated result consistency. A total of 1,640 patients were included. GBTM identified 4 distinct lymphocyte count trajectories. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients in Trajectory 4 (Persistent Low Level, N = 544, 33.2%), characterized by persistent lymphopenia, had the lowest cumulative 7-day and 28-day survival rates. After multivariable adjustment, Trajectory 4 was independently associated with an increased risk of 28-day mortality [adjusted HR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.266-2.446, P = 0.001], ICU mortality (adjusted OR = 1.831, 95% CI: 1.196-2.832, P = 0.006), and in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR = 1.881, 95% CI: 1.298-2.767, P = 0.001) compared to Trajectory 1 (Sustained Recovery), and these associations remained robust across all predefined subgroups. In contrast, no significant association was observed between Trajectory 4 and 7-day mortality after full adjustment for confounders. Lymphocyte count Trajectory 4 (Persistent Low Level) in initially lymphopenic sepsis patients is independently associated with late (28-day) but not early (7-day) mortality, as well as worse ICU and hospital outcomes. Failure of lymphopenia to recover by days 3-4 may signal a transition to the highest-risk state, suggesting a potential window for immunomodulatory strategies.

Background Soil organic phosphorus transformation during ecosystem development exerts a crucial influence on soil fertility and ecosystem properties. Scope This paper reviews the use of solution 31P NMR spectroscopy for characterizing organic phosphorus speciation in soil chronosequence and long-term field experiments in order to improve our understanding of the temporal changes, fundamental processes, and associated natural and anthropogenic controls of organic phosphorus transformation during long-term ecosystem evolution. Published soil chronosequence studies show that organic phosphorus compounds under aerobic conditions are dominated by phosphate monoesters (occurred mainly as inositol phosphates) followed by phosphate diesters (occurred mainly as DNA) and phosphonates, irrespective of the different parent materials, vegetation covers and climatic conditions. This contrasted markedly with wetland soils in which phosphate monoesters and diesters maintained approximately equal proportions, which is attributed to the limited reactive clay surfaces for stabilization and/or decomposition of myoinositol hexakisphosphate under frequent anaerobic conditions. Most organic phosphorus compounds in soil chronosequences increase with age to reach a maximum and then decline with time, although the apex varies significantly among different organic phosphorus compounds and chronosequences. Variations of the potential for phosphorus stabilization resulting from mineralogical transformation, changes in phosphorus sources due to shifts in plant and microbial communities, and differences in the biological utilization of various phosphorus compounds have been suggested as three main mechanisms controlling the temporal changes in organic phosphorus species, abundance and availability during natural ecosystem development. In agricultural soils, the amounts, forms, and dynamics of organic phosphorus are determined by internal soil properties, external environmental conditions and managements, including the history and intensity of land use, different tillage practices and fertilizer treatments. These mechanisms are interlinked and more research is required to isolate both internal and external factors that regulate organic phosphorus transformation in agricultural ecosystems. Conclusions Given the universal dependence on organic phosphorus for life and its critical roles in biogeochemical cycling, we put forward several open questions that need to be resolved in the future studies by emphasizing the multidisciplinary collaborations, the use of multiple analytical techniques and the establishment of quantitative organic phosphorus transformation models.

Morphological shape in chemistry and biology owes its existence to anisotropic growth and is closely coupled to distinct functionality. Although much is known about the principal growth mechanisms of monometallic shaped nanocrystals, the anisotropic growth of shaped alloy nanocrystals is still poorly understood. Using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, we reveal an element-specific anisotropic growth mechanism of platinum (Pt) bimetallic nano-octahedra where compositional anisotropy couples to geometric anisotropy. A Pt-rich phase evolves into precursor nanohexapods, followed by a slower step-induced deposition of an M-rich (M = Ni, Co, etc.) phase at the concave hexapod surface forming the octahedral facets. Our finding explains earlier reports on unusual compositional segregations and chemical degradation pathways of bimetallic polyhedral catalysts and may aid rational synthesis of shaped alloy catalysts with desired compositional patterns and properties.