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Botanical insecticide nanoemulsion is an insecticide with a transparent emulsion system, and it is an oil and water dispersion stabilized by a surfactant molecule, which has a size ranging from 50 to 500 nm. The experiment was conducted in Biota Sumatera Laboratory Faculty of Pharmacy and Insect Bioecology Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture Andalas University Padang on from July to August year 2018. The purpose of this research was to obtain the nanoemulsion of Piper aduncum fruit as a botanical insecticide capable of controlling the pest of cabbage larvae Crocidolomia pavonana. The experimental design used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) that consists of control treatment and nanoemulsion treatment of P. aduncum. Observations were used PSA with Zetasizer Nano ZS Malvern tools. Insecticidal activity of nanoemulsion was tested against C. pavonana. As the study found, the nanoemulsion has the following characteristics; its size ranges from 18.56 to 216.7 nm, its polydispersity index ranges from 0,202 to 0,371, its zeta potential ranges from -0,410 to -28,7 mV, and its distribution width range from 8,11 to 5570 nm. It has insecticidal activity against C. pavonana.

Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is a pest that is easy to adapt and quickly develops. S. frugiperda can switch to crops other than maize as the primary host. Food assimilation must be tested to determine which plants S . frugiperda larvae prefer. This research was conducted to determine the feeding assimilation of S. frugiperda larvae and determine plants that can be alternative hostsinstead of maize . This study was arranged using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and five replications to obtain 15 experimental units. Larvae feed consists of rice, maize, and Napier grass. Feed is given during their 3 rd instar stage until it becomes a prepupa. The suitability of plants as a food source for insects can be determined by a food assimilation test calculated using the Gravimetric method. The findings from the observations of food assimilation of S. frugiperda larvae in larvae-fed maize had higher consumption rate, growth rate, and digestibility than larvae-fed Napier grass. The conversion efficiency of digested food in grass-consuming larvae is 24.173%, higher than maize, 10.227%, and rice 0.00%. In compliance, the efficiency of food utilization was higher for larvae-fed Napier grass compared to those fed maize and rice.

The active compounds on spiked pepper ( Piper aduncum ) fruit extract and fish-poison bean ( Tephrosia vogelii ) leaf extract have a potency used as botanical insecticides as alternative pest control. This study was conducted to determine the activity of mixed extracts of Spiked pepper fruit and Fish-poison bean leaf extract against the new invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. This study was held from February 2021 to November 2021 at the Insect Bioecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang. The experiment consists of a preliminary test and an advanced test. The advanced test was conducted using six concentrations and five replications of a mixture extract of Spiked pepper and Fish-poison bean. The parameters observed were larvae mortality, feeding inhibition activity (antifeedant), and larval development time. The result showed that the combination indexes of the mixed extract of Spiked pepper fruit and Fish-poison bean leaves (1:1) were additive with the value of LC 50 and LC 95 is 0,29% and 0,59%, respectively. Mixed extract of Spiked pepper fruit and Fish-poison bean leaves (1:1) caused larvae mortality, inhibited feeding activity, and inhibited S. frugiperda larvae growth. The formulation is needed to increase the mixed extract of Spiked pepper fruit and Fish-poison bean leaves (1:1) activity against S. frugiperda .

The use of plant varieties can affect the presence and extent of pest attacks. Resistant varieties will cause a lower attack rate compared to susceptible varieties. It is not yet known which varieties of maize are resistant to Fall armyworm (S. frugiperda) (FAW) in the field, because this pest is an invasive pest and entered Indonesia one year ago. Research has been carried out to study the distribution, population, and level of S. frugiperda attack on maize varieties planted by farmers in the field. The research was conducted at the first location this pest was reported in West Pasaman district, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Survey on farmers’ corn with a sampling method: purposive random sampling. Samples were taken from different varieties of corn and showed signs of S. frugiperda attack. Observations were made on the varieties planted by farmers, symptoms, larvae population, and S. frugiperda attack rate. The results of the observations were that several trademarks of maize varieties grown by farmers were: Pioneer 32, Pertiwi, Bisi 18, NK7328, and NK212. The symptoms of this pest attack were the same for all varieties of maize, while the attack rate was significantly different at the 5% level. The attack rate ranged from 6.0 to 96.0%. The lowest attack percentage was on variety Bisi18, and the highest was on variety NK212. The population of S. frugiperda larvae was found in all varieties of maize with an average of 0.70 larvae per stem.

Nanoemulsion of S. pepper could control cabbage pests but optimization is needed for the composition because of low toxicity. The purpose of this research was to optimized composition of S. pepper nanoemulsion using citronella waste that increases stability and reduces the size of particle. The insecticidal activity was tested using the leaves residual method. The experimental design used a completely Randomized Design (CRD) which consisted of five concentration 0.10%, 0.16%, 0.27%, 0.45%, and 0.74% with five replications. The quality of nanoparticles was tested with PSA Zetasizer Nano ZS Malvern tools. The results show formula is classified as a nanoemulsion because it has a size of 104.2 nm. The particle size of this formula is smaller than in previous research using only one S. pepper extract. LC50 this formula is 0.41 and LC95 1,88. Based on the toxicity test formula can control 81,33% C. pavonana in the highest concentration but previous research only can be controlled 40.00 %.

The insecticidal activity of Piper aduncum fruit has been reported, and the rice husk ash is well used as an alternative control of the new invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda. This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of a mixture rice husk ash and P. aduncum fruit powder as an alternative control of S. frugiperda on maize. The study was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), including preliminary and follow-up tests. The test used the sowing method on the leaf, consisting of five treatments plus control and five replications. Observation parameters were larval mortality, larval development time, percentage of pupae formed, rate of imago appearing, and sex ratio. In general, a single treatment of P. aduncum fruit powder and rice husk ash can cause the death of S. frugiperda larvae, inhibit the development of larvae that survive after treatment, and reduce the percentage of pupae and imago when compared to controls. It also affects the ratio of males and females of imago appearance. Probit analysis of the mixed treatment of P. aduncum fruit powder and rice husk ash (1:1) showed the LC50 and LC95 values were 2.06 g and 12.93 g, respectively. A mixture of rice husk ash and P. aduncum fruit powder can be used as an alternative to control S. frugiperda with the index combination value at the LC50 and LC95level were 0.58 and 0.65 respectively, which indicates the index combination is a weak synergistic.

Maize is commonly planted in monoculture. However, in several areas of West Sumatra, it is also cultivated as polyculture side-by-side with oil palm. The study aimed to investigate the important pests that attacked maize plants in oil palm plantations in Pasaman, West Sumatra. This research was conducted in existing and replanting oil palm plantations. Insect pests data collection was purposive random sampled from represented plots of maize plants that were attacked by pests. Five sample plots of 1x1 m2 were taken for assessing insect pests incidence. The average number of maize plant stalks observed 32. Observations were made on the condition of the maize and oil palm agroecosystem, species and populations, and symptoms of insect pests that attack maize. The result showed that Stenocranus pacificus and Spodoptera frugiperda were the most dominant insect pests. The insects damaged the leaves and stems of maize plants. Stenocranus pacificus population was 4.45 individuals/plants, and Spodoptera frugiperda was 1.7 individuals/plants. The maize in West Pasaman is mostly planted on oil palm plantations consisting of monoculture and in oil palms that would be replanted. It was found that two insect pest species were dominant attackers, i.e., Symptoms of the attacks were seen on the leaves and stems of the plants.

Spiked pepper ( Piper aduncum ) essential oil has the potency to develop as a botanical insecticide in controlling fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ). This study aimed to determine the activity of spiked pepper fruit essential oils against fall armyworm larvae. This study was held from November 2020 to March 2021 at the Insect Bioecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, West Sumatera, Indonesia. The experiment used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), including preliminary and advanced tests. The preliminary test was conducted using three concentration levels (0%, 0.25%, and 0.5%) and consisted of 4 replications. The advanced test was conducted using 5 concentration levels and control (0%, 0.05%, 0.07%, 0.11%, 0.17% and 0.25%) and consisted of 5 replications. The test ran with the leaf-dipped method, with parameters observed were larval mortality, feeding inhibition activity (antifeedant), and larval development time. The observation data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and if there were any significant differences, it continued with a further test using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at a 5% level. LC 50 and LC 95 values were analyzed using the POLO PC software. The result showed that spiked pepper fruit essential oil could cause larval mortality, inhibit feeding activity, and inhibit Fall armyworm larval growth. The treatment with a concentration of 0.17% showed the best result, which could lead to 98.67% larvae mortality, inhibit feeding activity by 91.23% and inhibit larvae growth from reaching the sixth instar around 3.26 days compared to the control. The LC 50 and LC 95 value of spiked pepper fruit essential oil solution was 0.068% and 0.151%, respectively. Overall, spiked pepper essential oil has insecticidal activity against fall armyworm larvae.

Nanoemulsion is a technology that can improve the performance of botanical insecticides. Nanoemulsion can increase the stability of active substances, prevent the decomposition of active ingredients by microorganisms, allows to activate ingredients directly on the target site, which aims to reduce damage. This research was conducted at the Sumatra Biota Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy and Insect Bioecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang, from June to August 2018. The purpose of this research was to obtain T. vogelii formulations in the form of nanoparticles using spontaneous emulsification as a botanical insecticide that can control cabbage pests of Crocidolomia pavonana larvae. The result of this research showed the particle size nanoemulsion of formula A is 206.7 (nm) formula B is 432.6 (nm). The distribution of formula A nanoemulsion particles are classified as polydispersion, and Formula B is monodispersed. Mortality larvae instar 2 C. Pavonana in both formulas showed good results, namely >50%. This shows that nanoemulsion T. vogelii is very effective for controlling C. pavonana cabbage pests.

Botanical insecticide nanoemulsion formulation is an insecticide with spontaneous emulsion system. Nanoemulsion formulation is an oil phase-in-water dispersion stabilized by a surfactant molecule which has size ranging from 50 nm to 500 nm. The oil phase consists of Piper aduncum extracts and bioethanol, while the water phase consists of aqudest and emulsifiers. The experiment was conducted in Insect Bioecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Andalas Padang from October 2018 to March 2019. The purpose of this research was to obtain nanoemulsion from P. aduncum extract and to observe the activity of P. aduncum nanoemulsion against C. pavonana. Nanoemulsion formulation was prepared using spontaneous emulsification method then followed by toxicity test against C. pavonana larvae. Nanoemulsion formulations with high insecticidal activity were analyzed using Zetasizer Nano (ZS) Malvern for particle size and zeta potential. The results showed that particle size of AT.1 and BA.1 nanoemulsions were 141.1 nm and 172.5 nm respectively, and they were categorized as nano particles. AT.1 and BA.1 nanoemulsions caused mortality of C. pavonana larvae with LC95 value were 0.85% and 0.76%, respectively. Besides the toxic effect, the AT.1 and BA.1 nanoemulsions were also interfered growth and development of C. pavonana larvae.