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نظرية التشفير والتعمية : (الأساسيات)
هذا الكتاب يقدم نظريتي التعمية والتشفير بأسلوب سهل وملائم لطلبة الهندسة وعلوم الحاسب الآلي إضافة إلى طلبة الرياضيات الجزء الأول من هذا الكتاب مكون من تسعة فصول يهتم بإنشاء وتشفير وفك تشفير شفرات شائعة الاستخدام بأسلوب شيق أما الجزء الثاني فإنه يحتوي على ثلاثة فصول في علم التعمية مما يجعل هذا الكتاب ملائما لاستخدامه ككتاب مقرر لمادة تطبيقات الجبر الذي تدرسه العديد من الجامعات العالمية والعربية.
BOOK
Evaluating Brazilian Agriculturalists’ IoT Smart Agriculture Adoption Barriers: Understanding Stakeholder Salience Prior to Launching an Innovation
The study sought to: (1) evaluate agriculturalists’ characteristics as adopters of IoT smart agriculture technologies, (2) evaluate traits fostering innovation adoption, (3) evaluate the cycle of IoT smart agriculture adoption, and, lastly, (4) discern attributes and barriers of information communication. Researchers utilized a survey design to develop an instrument composed of eight adoption constructs and one personal characteristic construct and distributed it to agriculturalists at an agricultural exposition in Rio Grande do Sul. Three-hundred-forty-four (n = 344) agriculturalists responded to the data collection instrument. Adopter characteristics of agriculturalists were educated, higher consciousness of social status, larger understanding of technology use, and more likely identified as opinion leaders in communities. Innovation traits advantageous to IoT adoption regarding smart agriculture innovations were: (a) simplistic, (b) easily communicated to a targeted audience, (c) socially accepted, and (d) larger degrees of functionality. Smart agriculture innovation’s elevated levels of observability and compatibility coupled with the innovation’s low complexity were the diffusion elements predicting agriculturalists’ adoption. Agriculturalists’ beliefs in barriers to adopting IoT innovations were excessive complexity and minimal compatibility. Practitioners or change agents should promote IoT smart agriculture technologies to opinion leaders, reduce the innovation’s complexity, and amplify educational opportunities for technologies. The existing sum of IoT smart agriculture adoption literature with stakeholders and actors is descriptive and limited, which constitutes this inquiry as unique.
Journal Article
Multicellular Bacteria Deploy the Type VI Secretion System to Preemptively Strike Neighboring Cells
The Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) functions in bacteria as a contractile nanomachine that punctures and delivers lethal effectors to a target cell. Virtually nothing is known about the lifestyle or physiology that dictates when bacteria normally produce their T6SS, which prevents a clear understanding of how bacteria benefit from its action in their natural habitat. Proteus mirabilis undergoes a characteristic developmental process to coordinate a multicellular swarming behavior and will discriminate itself from another Proteus isolate during swarming, resulting in a visible boundary termed a Dienes line. Using transposon mutagenesis, we discovered that this recognition phenomenon requires the lethal action of the T6SS. All mutants identified in the genetic screen had insertions within a single 33.5-kb region that encodes a T6SS and cognate Hcp-VrgG-linked effectors. The identified T6SS and primary effector operons were characterized by killing assays, by construction of additional mutants, by complementation, and by examining the activity of the type VI secretion system in real-time using live-cell microscopy on opposing swarms. We show that lethal T6SS-dependent activity occurs when a dominant strain infiltrates deeply beyond the boundary of the two swarms. Using this multicellular model, we found that social recognition in bacteria, underlying killing, and immunity to killing all require cell-cell contact, can be assigned to specific genes, and are dependent on the T6SS. The ability to survive a lethal T6SS attack equates to \"recognition\". In contrast to the current model of T6SS being an offensive or defensive weapon our findings support a preemptive mechanism by which an entire population indiscriminately uses the T6SS for contact-dependent delivery of effectors during its cooperative mode of growth.
Journal Article
Contrast echocardiography: current status and future directions
Contrast echocardiography is a family of ultrasound-based procedures, whereby acoustic enhancing agents, usually microbubbles, are administered by intravenous route and detected in order to improve diagnostic performance. This review describes: (1) the agents that have been designed for diagnostic imaging, (2) current clinical applications where either left ventricular opacification or microvascular perfusion imaging with myocardial contrast echocardiography have been demonstrated to provide incremental information to non-contrast echocardiography and (3) future diagnostic and therapeutic applications of contrast ultrasound that rely on unique compositional design of ultrasound-enhancing agents.
Journal Article
Utilizing Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography with Phosphatidylserine Microbubbles to Detect Placental Inflammation in Rhesus Macaques
The ability to comprehensively monitor physiological and detect pathophysiologic processes early during pregnancy can reduce maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a non-invasive imaging technology that utilizes the acoustic detection of microbubbles to examine vascular spaces. Furthermore, microbubbles conjugated to specific compounds can focus studies on precise physiological pathways. We hypothesized that CEUS with phosphatidylserine microbubbles (MB-PS) could be employed to monitor placental inflammation. We tested this hypothesis in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), a translational and relevant animal model of human placental health. As placental inflammation impacts many at-risk pregnancies, we performed CEUS with MB-PS in pregnant macaques fed a high-fat diet (e.g., a western-style diet, WSD) in the presence or absence of testosterone (T) to mimic the increased risk of polycystic ovary syndrome and subfertility. We have previously demonstrated a placental inflammation phenotype in this model, and, thus, we related the MB-PS CEUS signal intensity to placental inflammation markers: selectin p and angiopoietins. Testosterone exposure increased the MB-PS signal in the placental microcirculation on the maternal side compared to control animals. We found that T increased placental weight and decreased angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2) immunoreactivity. Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation was found between MB-PS signal and ANGPT2. This indicated that CEUS with MB-PS can be used to monitor placental parameters. We propose that CEUS with MB-PS could aid in the identification of pregnancies at risk of placental vascular compromise.
Journal Article
Removal of endothelial surface-associated von villebrand factor suppresses accelerate datherosclerosis after myocardial infarction
Background
Thromboinflammation involving platelet adhesion to endothelial surface-associated von Willebrand factor (VWF) has been implicated in the accelerated progression of non-culprit plaques after MI. The aim of this study was to use arterial endothelial molecular imaging to mechanistically evaluate endothelial-associated VWF as a therapeutic target for reducing remote plaque activation after myocardial infarction (MI).
Methods
Hyperlipidemic mice deficient for the low-density lipoprotein receptor and Apobec-1 underwent closed-chest MI and were treated chronically with either: (i) recombinant ADAMTS13 which is responsible for proteolytic removal of VWF from the endothelial surface, (ii) N-acetylcysteine (NAC) which removes VWF by disulfide bond reduction, (iii) function-blocking anti-factor XI (FXI) antibody, or (iv) no therapy. Non-ischemic controls were also studied. At day 3 and 21, ultrasound molecular imaging was performed with probes targeted to endothelial-associated VWF A1-domain, platelet GPIbα, P-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) at lesion-prone sites of the aorta. Histology was performed at day 21.
Results
Aortic signal for P-selectin, VCAM-1, VWF, and platelet-GPIbα were all increased several-fold (
p
< 0.01) in post-MI mice versus sham-treated animals at day 3 and 21. Treatment with NAC and ADAMTS13 significantly attenuated the post-MI increase for all four molecular targets by > 50% (
p
< 0.05 vs. non-treated at day 3 and 21). On aortic root histology, mice undergoing MI versus controls had 2–4 fold greater plaque size and macrophage content (
p
< 0.05), approximately 20-fold greater platelet adhesion (
p
< 0.05), and increased staining for markers of platelet transforming growth factor-β1 signaling. Accelerated plaque growth and inflammatory activation was almost entirely prevented by ADAMTS13 and NAC. Inhibition of FXI had no significant effect on molecular imaging signal or plaque morphology.
Conclusions
Plaque inflammatory activation in remote arteries after MI is strongly influenced by VWF-mediated platelet adhesion to the endothelium. These findings support investigation into new secondary preventive therapies for reducing non-culprit artery events after MI.
Journal Article
Passage-attenuated Powassan virus LI9P protects mice from lethal LI9 challenge and links envelope residue D308 to neurovirulence
Powassan virus (POWV) infection causes a 10% lethal encephalitis, resulting in chronic neurological symptoms in half of survivors. POWV is transmitted in as short as 15 min following tick attachment, demonstrating the need for the development of POWV vaccines and therapeutics. Mechanisms of POWV neurovirulence remain to be defined to inform vaccine and therapeutic design. Cell culture passage has successfully been used to generate live-attenuated flavivirus vaccines. Accordingly, we serially passaged POWV LI9-infected VeroE6 cells and isolated an attenuated POWV strain, LI9P, that fails to cause neurologic sequelae or murine lethality. LI9P elicits neutralizing antibody responses, protects mice from a lethal WT POWV challenge, and is a potential POWV vaccine. Analysis of attenuating mutations in LI9P revealed that changing envelope residue D308N alone in LI9 prevents POWV neurovirulence and lethality in immunocompetent mice. Altogether, this study defines viral determinants of POWV pathogenesis and attenuating mutations that inform the development of live-attenuated POWV vaccines.
Journal Article
Microbubbles in medical imaging: current applications and future directions
Not all bubbles in the bloodstream are detrimental. During the past decade, contrast-enhanced ultrasound has evolved from a purely investigational tool to a routine diagnostic technique. This transformation has been facilitated by advances in the microbubble contrast agents and contrast-specific ultrasound imaging techniques. The ability to non-invasively image molecular events with targeted microbubbles is likely to be important for characterizing pathophysiology and for developing new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases.
Journal Article
Experiential Learning Modules for Teaching International Agricultural Development: How to Use These Tools and Assess Their Impact
Experiential learning involves gaining knowledge and understanding from real-life experiences, which helps develop new theories through fresh insights. Kolb described learning as the process of creating knowledge through transforming experience. Its main idea is that challenges and experiences, followed by reflection, lead to learning and growth. An experiential learning module (ELM) is a type of simulation that replicates a real-world situation, simplified to help participants understand complex problems from their perspective. It is based specifically on Kolb’s experiential learning cycle. ELMs use pictures, videos, and voice-over presentations to create a rich, contextually relevant, vicarious learning experience for classroom learners. In this study, the main ELM developed in Haiti was based on Kolb’s learning cycle. The primary goal of the ELM was to help global agriculturalists tackle complex issues related to food insecurity in developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to explain what experiential learning modules are and how to implement them in a study abroad program. An ELM on plantain production in Haiti was used as a case example. Students completed pre- and post-reflection surveys to evaluate their initial assumptions, expectations, and knowledge about the subject, as well as what they learned. A learning assessment measured their understanding of the ELM content. By analyzing the participants’ comments, the instructional approach proved effective in providing a vicarious experience within the classroom. The results from the initial classroom use of the banana and plantain learning module, along with student reactions, offered valuable feedback that led to proposed revisions and improvements to the tool.
Journal Article
Three-dimensional culture of dental pulp stem cells in direct contact to tricalcium silicate cements
Objectives
Calcium silicate cements are biocompatible dental materials applicable in contact with vital tissue. The novel tricalcium silicate cement
Biodentine™
offers properties superior to commonly used mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Objective of this study was to evaluate its cytocompatibility and ability to induce differentiation and mineralization in three-dimensional cultures of dental pulp stem cells after direct contact with the material.
Materials and methods
Test materials included a new tricalcium silicate (Biodentine™, Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France), MTA (ProRoot® MTA, DENSPLY Tulsa Dental Specialities, Johnson City, TN, USA), glass ionomer (Ketac™ Molar Aplicap™, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany), human dentin disks and polystyrene. Magnetic activated cell sorting for to the surface antigen STRO-1 was performed to gain a fraction enriched with mesenchymal stem cells. Samples were allowed to set and dental pulp stem cells in collagen carriers were placed on top. Scanning electron microscopy of tricalcium silicate cement surfaces with and without cells was conducted. Cell viability was measured for 14 days by MTT assay. Alkaline phosphatase activity was evaluated (days 3, 7, and 14) and expression of mineralization-associated genes (COL1A1, ALP, DSPP, and RUNX2) was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. Nonparametric statistical analysis for cell viability and alkaline phosphatase data was performed to compare different materials as well as time points (Mann-Whitney
U
test, α = 0.05).
Results
Cell viability was highest on tricalcium silicate cement, followed by MTA. Viability on glass ionomer cement and dentin disks was significantly lower. Alkaline phosphatase activity was lower in cells on new tricalcium silicate cement compared to MTA, whereas expression patterns of marker genes were alike.
Conclusions
Increased cell viability and similar levels of mineralization-associated gene expression in three-dimensional cell cultures on the novel tricalcium silicate cement and mineral trioxide aggregate indicate that the material is cytocompatible and bioactive.
Clinical relevance
The tested new tricalcium silicate cement confirms its suitability as an alternative to MTA in vital pulp therapy.
Journal Article