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"Lindroos, Mats"
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The future of ESS is bright
The European Spallation Source ESS has still a huge upgrade potential by using an accelerator ring structure for proton pulse compression that can change the long pulse to a medium pulse structure. Therefore, we consider the performance of a medium pulse structure on the existing ESS target, moderator and neutron instrumentation. A medium proton pulse will enhance the neutron peak brightness of thermal and cold neutrons by about one order of magnitude and even up to two orders of magnitude at shortest wavelengths used at ESS, largely increasing the performance of the ESS instruments for neutron scattering. The arguments for a medium pulse length are that it is best adapted to the resolution requirements of the ESS instruments, the coupled moderator, the typical long instruments; furthermore, that it seems feasible to realise a medium pulse length by advanced, slow extraction from an accelerator ring, and feasible for the rotating tungsten target to take the high-power load. We discuss the implications of a medium proton pulse length and its specific choice for the instrument resolution, and for moderator and target. The proposed upgrade is stimulated by the new project ESSnuSB for a neutrino super beam at ESS and motivated by the synergy effect of using a common pulse compressor ring. The upgrade will be a most economical and efficient path for the ESS to a next higher level from an already world leading long-pulse source, transforming with a medium pulse structure into an even much more powerful, future next generation neutron source.
Journal Article
Beta beams
The beta-beam concept for the generation of electron neutrino beams was first proposed by Piero Zucchelli in 2002. The idea created quite a stir, challenging the idea that intense neutrino beams only could be produced from the decay of pions or muons in classical neutrino beams facilities or in future neutrino factories. The concept initially struggled to make an impact but the hard work by many machine physicists, phenomenologists and theoreticians over the last five years has won the beta-beam a well-earned position as one of the frontrunners for a possible future world laboratory for high intensity neutrino oscillation physics. This is the first complete monograph on the beta-beam concept. The book describes both technical aspects and experimental aspects of the beta-beam, providing i) students and scientists with an insight into the possibilities offered by beta-beams; ii) facility designers with a starting point for future studies; and iii) policy makers with a comprehensive picture of the limits and possibilities offered by a beta-beam.
eBook
The ideal neutrino beams
The advance in neutrino oscillation physics is driven by the availability of well characterized and high flux neutrino beams. The three present options for the next generation neutrino oscillation facility are super beams, neutrino factories and beta-beams. A super-beam is a very high intensity classical neutrino beam generated by protons impinging on a target where the neutrinos are generated by the secondary particles decaying in a tunnel down streams of the target. In a neutrino factory the neutrinos are generated from muons decaying in a storage ring with long straight sections pointing towards the detectors. In a beta-beam the neutrinos are also originating from decay in a storage ring but the decaying particles are radioactive ions rather than muons. I will in this presentation review the three options and discuss the pros and cons of each. The present joint design effort for a future high intensity neutrino oscillation in Europe within a common EU supported design study, EURONU, will also be presented. The design study will explore the physics reach, the detectors, the feasibility, the safety issues and the cost for each of the options so that the the community can take a decision on what to build when the facilities presently under exploitation and construction have to be replaced.
Journal Article
Beta Beams: Neutrino Beams
The beta-beam concept for the generation of electron neutrino beams was first proposed by Piero Zucchelli in 2002. The idea created quite a stir, challenging the idea that intense neutrino beams only could be produced from the decay of pions or muons in classical neutrino beams facilities or in future neutrino factories. The concept initially struggled to make an impact but the hard work by many machine physicists, phenomenologists and theoreticians over the last five years has won the beta-beam a well-earned position as one of the frontrunners for a possible future world laboratory for high intensity neutrino oscillation physics. This is the first complete monograph on the beta-beam concept. The book describes both technical aspects and experimental aspects of the beta-beam, providing i) students and scientists with an insight into the possibilities offered by beta-beams; ii) facility designers with a starting point for future studies; and iii) policy makers with a comprehensive picture of the limits and possibilities offered by a beta-beam.
eBook
Longitudinal holes in debunched particle beams in storage rings, perpetuated by space-charge forces
Stationary, self-consistent, and localized longitudinal density perturbations on an unbunched charged-particle beam, which are solutions of the nonlinearized Vlasov-Poisson equation, have recently received some attention. In particular, we address the case that space charge is the dominant longitudinal impedance and the storage ring operates below transition energy so that the negative mass instability is not an explanation for persistent beam structure. Under the customary assumption of a bell-shaped steady-state distribution, about which the expansion is made, the usual wave theory of Keil and Schnell for perturbations on unbunched beams predicts that self-sustaining perturbations are possible only (below transition) if the impedance is inductive (or resistive) or if the bell shape is inverted. Space charge gives a capacitive impedance. Nevertheless, we report numerous experimental measurements made at the CERN Proton Synchrotron Booster that plainly show the longevity of holelike structures in coasting beams. We shall also report on computer simulations of boosterlike beams that provide compelling evidence that it is space-charge force which perpetuates the holes. We shall show that the localized solitonlike structures, i.e., holes, decouple from the steady-state distribution and that they are simple solutions of the nonlinearized time-independent Vlasov equation. We have derived conditions for stationarity of holes that satisfy the requirement of self-consistency; essentially, the relation between the momentum spread and depth of the holes is given by the Hamiltonian—with the constraint that the phase-space density be high enough to support the solitons. The stationarity conditions have scaling laws similar to the Keil-Schnell criteria except that the charge and momentum spread of the hole replaces that of the beam.
Journal Article
Measuring neutrino mass with radioactive ions in a storage ring
We propose a method to measure the neutrino mass kinematically using beams of ions which undergo beta decay. The idea is to tune the ion beam momentum so that in most decays, the electron is forward moving with respect to the beam, and only in decays near the endpoint is the electron moving backwards. Then, by counting the backward moving electrons one can observe the effect of neutrino mass on the beta spectrum close to the endpoint. In order to reach sensitivities for
m
ν
<0.2 eV, it is necessary to control the ion momentum with a precision better than
δ
p
/
p
<10
−5
, identify suitable nuclei with low
Q
-values (in the few to ten keV range), and one must be able to observe at least
decays.
Journal Article
Measuring neutrino mass with radioactive ions in a storage ring
We propose a method to measure the neutrino mass kinematically using beams of ions which undergo beta decay. The idea is to tune the ion beam momentum so that in most decays, the electron is forward moving with respect to the beam, and only in decays near the endpoint is the electron moving backwards. Then, by counting the backward moving electrons one can observe the effect of neutrino mass on the beta spectrum close to the endpoint. In order to reach sensitivities for mν < 0.2 eV, it is necessary to control the ion momentum with a precision better than δp/p < 10−5, identify suitable nuclei with low Q-values (in the few to ten keV range), and one must be able to observe at least (1018) decays.
Journal Article