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محمد والفتوحات الإسلامية
لقد حقق البروفسور (كبرييلي) في كتابه (محمد والفتوحات الإسلامية) نجاحا كبيرا في دمج المعلومات التاريخية والتفصيلات الكثيرة في الرواية العربية للفتوح الإسلامية، تلك الروايات التي هي في كثير من الأحيان متضاربة في المحتوى والسرد والسند، فقدم لنا رواية موضوعية وعلمية، لا تخلو من مناقشات جدلية للروايات ولطبيعة الأحداث التاريخية ومقارنتها مع الروايات الفارسية، أو الأرمنية أو البيزنطية أو الإستشراقية الأخرى، فجاء عرضه موحدا ومتناسقا. لا يجد فيه القارئ قفزات أو إنتقالات أو ثغرات سواء كان ذلك فيما يتعلق بالكرونولوجية الزمنية للأحداث أم في تماسك رواية الفتح في كل جبهة. كما بيد أن الذي يميز الكتاب الحالي (محمد والفتوحات الإسلامية) أن فيه ربط عميق ومفصلي بين النبي محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم وهو ممثل لطرف الشريعة أو الدين الإسلامي وما بين الفتوحات الإسلامية التي هي تمثيل عن السياسة أو الدولة وهذه الخاصية التي انفرد بها الدين الإسلامي كانت من بين أبرز العوامل التي حفزت الإستشراق بإستحضار الإسلام بوصفه مادة قابلة للتحليل والكشف عن هذه الظاهرة التي هددت لزمن طويل الوجود السياسي والديني للغرب ولا سيما زمان العصور الوسطى، فاتخذت من هذا المنحى الدراسات أبعاد متباينة منها متوتر ومتشنج رأى في الفتوحات الإسلامية مشروع لتأسيس إمبراطورية ثيوقراطية، فيما أنجزت دراسات امتازت بالموضوعية والإتزان العلمي في الطرح والتناول وربما كتاب \"محمد والفتوحات الإسلامية\" يصنف ضمن هذا التناول.
BOOK
The Written Language Bias in Linguistics
Linguists routinely emphasise the primacy of speech over writing. Yet, most linguists have analysed spoken language, as well as language in general, applying theories and methods that are best suited for written language. Accordingly, there is an extensive 'written language bias' in traditional and present day linguistics and other language sciences. In this book, this point is argued with rich and convincing evidence from virtually all fields of linguistics.
eBook
Bringing Things into Languaging or Not: The Role of Internal Dialogue
This essay deals with how to “bring things into languaging” (`enlanguaging´). The theoretical background is a humanistic perspective, Merleau-Ponty´s phenomenology and extended dialogism. It will be argued that the phenomenon of `internal dialogue´, i.e., internal interaction within individual minds, are at play in such processes. This paper will consider different activities such as perception, thinking, speaking, planning for speaking, understanding, reading, interaction, and decision-making. It also pays attention to circumstances when public talk is evaded or inhibited.
Journal Article
Embodied Oscillative Ethics: A Framework for Participatory Ethics in Body Mapping Research
This article presents an innovative participatory approach to the ethical aspects of conducting body mapping research. Drawing from experiences from an earlier project with digital sex workers, we examine how body mapping, when integrated with what we term “embodied oscillative ethics,” creates opportunities for meaningful collaboration and knowledge co-creation while addressing complex ethical challenges. We demonstrate how this creative methodology enables participants to become active knowledge producers rather than passive research subjects. The approach recognizes participants as experts of their own experiences while acknowledging the situated vulnerabilities they navigate. Embodied oscillative ethics highlights how ethical considerations should transcend the research design and bridge into the data collection process in a participatory way. Our findings reveal how body mapping’s creative and embodied dimensions, and the approach we suggest to complement it, facilitate participant empowerment and transformative dialogue. While body mapping helps explore embodied dimensions of digital interaction, the embodied oscillative ethics framework additionally ensures ethical practice through continuous attention to participant agency and consent. We also reflect critically on the researchers’ own vulnerabilities and positionalities when conducting sensitive research. This methodological innovation offers valuable insights for researchers studying topics that are difficult to approach, demonstrating how creative approaches can unveil alternative knowledge.
Journal Article
Removal of Nutrients and Pesticides from Agricultural Runoff Using Microalgae and Cyanobacteria
The use of pesticides in agriculture has ensured the production of different crops. However, pesticides have become an emerging public health problem for Latin American countries due to their excessive use, inadequate application, toxic characteristics, and minimal residue control. The current project evaluates the ability of two strains of algae (Chlorella and Scenedesmus sp.) and one cyanobacteria (Hapalosyphon sp.) to remove excess pesticides and other nutrients present in runoff water from rice production. Different concentrations of wastewater and carbon sources (Na2CO3 and NaHCO3) were evaluated. According to the results, all three strains can be grown in wastewater without dilution (100%), with a biomass concentration comparable to a synthetic medium. All three strains significantly reduced the concentration of NO3 and PO4 (95 and 85%, respectively), with no difference between Na2CO3 or NaHCO3. Finally, Chlorella sp. obtained the highest removal efficiency of the pesticide (Chlorpyrifos), followed by Scenedesmus and Hapalosyphon sp. (100, 75, and 50%, respectively). This work shows that it is possible to use this type of waste as an alternative source of nutrients to obtain biomass and metabolites of interest, such as lipids and carbohydrates, to produce biofuels.
Journal Article
The Relationship between Trade in Southern Mozambique and State Formation: Reassessing Hedges on Cattle, Ivory and Brass
For the past 37 years, David Hedges' cattle trade theory has dominated the historical analysis of state formation in southern Africa during the 19th century. This theory centres on a cattle trade that came to replace the ivory trade from the late 18th century onwards, and was based on the demand for fresh meat by whalers. In the view of Hedges, the increased cattle trade placed considerable pressure on societies to replenish herds, given the socially and politically important role that cattle played in southern African societies. And since this change coincided with a severe and prolonged drought, it necessitated the restocking of cattle herds through the systematised military raiding of cattle, which, in turn, required a centralised government. In reviewing the evidence for shifts in the patterns of trade at this time, during which whalers called at Delagoa Bay to hunt, discrepancies in Hedges' analysis came to light.
The Portuguese ivory trade at Delagoa Bay started in 1545, when a sporadic trade based on the monsoon seasons laid the foundation for the export of ivory that would boom in the latter half of the 18th century. This trade has been a key element in the dominant explanations offered for accelerated processes of political centralisation in northern Kwazulu-Natal, which culminated in the rise of the Zulu kingdom. David Hedges developed the most influential and enduring of these arguments in his doctoral dissertation in 1978. He argued that it was a sharp contraction of the ivory trade in the last two decades of the 19th century that was a major cause of conflict and state formation. This article reviews the evidence and arguments presented by Hedges and suggests that while his work has provided an important contribution to the debate, elements of his argument need substantial revision.
Journal Article
Factors influencing local communities’ perceptions towards conservation of transboundary wildlife resources: the case of the Great Limpopo Trans-frontier Conservation Area
Local communities’ perceptions of protected areas are important determinants of the success of conservation efforts in Southern Africa, as these perceptions affect people’s attitudes and behaviour with respect to conservation. As a result, the involvement of local communities in transboundary wildlife conservation is now viewed as an integral part of regional development initiatives. Building on unique survey data and applying regression analysis, this paper investigates the determinants of the perceptions of local communities around the Great Limpopo Trans-frontier Conservation Area in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Our results illustrate that people perceiving the park as well-managed tend to have more positive perceptions regarding the benefits from the park, rules governing the park, and wildlife conservation in general. Household expertise on resource extraction, in turn, tends to make people more likely to perceive environmental crime as morally acceptable. Furthermore, the results indicate that if people perceive the rules of the park in a negative way, then they are less likely to conserve wildlife. Receiving benefits from the park has a positive impact on people’s perceptions of the rules governing the park, as well as on their perception of wildlife conservation in general, but not on perceptions about environmental crime. Surprisingly, perceived high levels of corruption is positively associated with people’s perception of wildlife benefits and with perceptions of that environmental crime is morally justified. There is also evidence of the role of socioeconomic variables on people’s perceptions towards wildlife. However, unobservable contextual factors could be responsible for explaining part of the variation in people’s perceptions. Our results speak to the literature on large-scale collective action since perceptions of wildlife benefits, corruption, environmental crime, park management and rules governing the parks, all affect local communities’ ability and willingness to self organize. These variables are interesting because they can be influenced by policy through training and awareness campaigns.
Journal Article
An experimental study on lung deposition of inhaled 2 μm particles in relation to lung characteristics and deposition models
Background
The understanding of inhaled particle respiratory tract deposition is a key link to understand the health effects of particles or the efficiency for medical drug delivery via the lung. However, there are few experimental data on particle respiratory tract deposition, and the existing data deviates considerably when comparing results for particles > 1 μm.
Methods
We designed an experimental set-up to measure deposition in the respiratory tract for particles > 1 μm, more specifically 2.3 μm, with careful consideration to minimise foreseen errors. We measured the deposition in seventeen healthy adults (21–68 years). The measurements were performed at tidal breathing, during three consecutive 5-minute periods while logging breathing patterns. Pulmonary function tests were performed, including the new airspace dimension assessment (AiDA) method measuring distal lung airspace radius (
r
AiDA
). The lung characteristics and breathing variables were used in statistical models to investigate to what extent they can explain individual variations in measured deposited particle fraction. The measured particle deposition was compared to values predicted with whole lung models. Model calculations were made for each subject using measured variables as input (e.g., breathing pattern and functional residual capacity).
Results
The measured fractional deposition for 2.3 μm particles was 0.60 ± 0.14, which is significantly higher than predicted by any of the models tested, ranging from 0.37 ± 0.08 to 0.53 ± 0.09. The multiple-path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model most closely predicted the measured deposition when using the new PNNL lung model. The individual variability in measured particle deposition was best explained by breathing pattern and distal airspace radius (
r
AiDA
) at half inflation from AiDA. All models underestimated inter-subject variability even though the individual breathing pattern and functional residual capacity for each participant was used in the model.
Conclusions
Whole lung models need to be tuned and improved to predict the respiratory tract particle deposition of micron-sized particles, and to capture individual variations – a variation that is known to be higher for aged and diseased lungs. Further, the results support the hypothesis that the AiDA method measures dimensions in the peripheral lung and that
r
AiDA
, as measured by the AiDA, can be used to better understand the individual variation in the dose to healthy and diseased lungs.
Journal Article
THE NORTHEASTERN FACTOR IN SOUTH AFRICAN HISTORY
This article, largely on the basis of in-depth research in archives in Lisbon, provides an account of the trading systems linking Delagoa Bay to its southern hinterland. Within this framework we argue that the role of the slave trade has been previously underestimated. There is evidence that the booming demand for slaves in Brazil and on the Mascarene Islands hit this region with force. The scale of that trade is difficult to establish because it was, by and large, illicit and so not systematically recorded. There are indications of a significant trade prior to 1823 and a substantial one after that date. There is also evidence that northern Nguni groups, including the Zulu kingdom, were deeply involved in this trading system. The main sources of captives, however, were militarily weak societies, like the Tembe, which lived closer to the Bay.
Journal Article
Feasibility of an ethics and professionalism curriculum for faculty in obstetrics and gynecology: a pilot study
ObjectiveThere have been increased efforts to implement medical ethics curricula at the student and resident levels; however, practising physicians are often left unconsidered. Therefore, we sought to pilot an ethics and professionalism curriculum for faculty in obstetrics and gynaecology to remedy gaps in the formal, informal and hidden curriculum in medical education.MethodsAn ethics curriculum was developed for faculty within the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at a tertiary care, academic hospital. During the one-time, 4-hour, mandatory in-person session, the participants voluntarily completed the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, Handoff Clinical Evaluation Exercise, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine and overall course evaluation. Patient satisfaction survey scores in both the hospital and ambulatory settings were compared before and after the curriculum.ResultsTwenty-eight faculty members attended the curriculum. Overall, respondents reported less burnout and performed at the same level or better in terms of patient handoff than the original studies validating the instruments. Faculty rated the professionalism behaviours as well as teaching of professionalism much lower at our institution than the validation study. There was no change in patient satisfaction after the curriculum. However, overall, the course was well received as meeting its objectives, being beneficial and providing new tools to assess professionalism.ConclusionThis pilot study suggests that an ethics curriculum can be developed for practising physicians that is mindful of pragmatic concerns while still meeting its objectives. Further study is needed regarding long term and objective improvements in ethics knowledge, impact on the education of trainees and improvement in the care of patients as a result of a formal curriculum for faculty.
Journal Article