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Cement clay interlocking (CCI) hollow bricks have been used as a construction material in many developed and developing countries. Many emerging and underdeveloped nations have utilised cement clay interlocking (CCI) hollow bricks as building materials. In India, Andhra Pradesh local makers prepare these cement clay interlocking (CCI) hollow bricks by simply mixing clay, cement, and sand in a traditional method, without following strict design criteria or rules. Previous research has demonstrated that the mechanical characteristics of CCI hollow bricks gathered from various locations in detailed manner respect to hand books on Civil Engineering as per Indian Standards. Bricks from one region had compressive strengths that were significantly lower than the other region Indian Community Standards. Various methods were employed in this investigation to enhance the mechanical characteristics of CCI bricks. New mix patterns were created with the use of sand, cement, and fly ash in this research paper.

The use of limestone powder as a partial replacement for cement in concrete has gained significant attention due to its potential to enhance compressive strength and promote sustainability. This study investigates the mechanical behavior of limestone-modified concrete, focusing on strength development over various curing periods. Advanced machine learning techniques—Gradient Boosting (GB) and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)—are employed to optimize mix proportions and accurately predict compressive strength. The GB model achieved a high predictive accuracy with an R² value of 0.98, effectively capturing the complex nonlinear relationships between cement content, limestone dosage, and curing time. Meanwhile, the KNN model demonstrated strong performance with an R² of 0.965 by leveraging pattern similarities in experimental data. Both regression models align closely with experimental results, validating limestone’s positive impact on long-term concrete performance. This data-driven approach enhances mix design decisions, ensuring structural reliability and sustainability while reducing cement usage and its associated environmental footprint.

The evaluation of Floor Response Spectrum (FRS) holds paramount significance in assessing the seismic behaviour of secondary structures. Precise FRS prediction empowers engineers to make informed decisions concerning structural design, retrofitting, and safety precautions. This study aims to scrutinize the impact of dynamic interaction between primary and secondary structures on FRS. Both the elastic primary structure (PS) and elastic secondary structure (SS) employ a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system. Governing motion equations for both coupled (with dynamic interaction) and uncoupled (without dynamic interaction) systems are formulated and solved numerically. The study investigates how variations in the vibration period of PS ( ), tuning ratio ( ), mass ratio ( ), and damping ratio ( ) of SS influence FRS. The FRS impact remains minimal at = 0.001 (0.1%); however, with increasing mass ratio, PS-SS dynamic interaction significantly affects SS’s spectral acceleration response. Coupled analysis is crucial only for secondary structures tuned to primary structure’s vibration period ( .). This study utilizes Random Forest (RF) for FRS prediction. The assessment of our proposed predictive model involved the utilization of three widely recognized statistical parameters: coefficient of determination ( ), mean absolute percentage error ( ), and root mean square error ( ). The Shapley Additive Explanation (SHAP) method was used to elucidate the significance of input parameters on the target variable.

Tall buildings have unique seismic challenges, particularly the P-delta effect. This can cause an increase in loads on certain parts of the structure, leading to potential instability or collapse. The solution is to use buckling restrained bracing (BRB) systems, which improve the lateral strength of the structure and control the P-delta effect. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of various brace configurations in reducing the seismic response of a 50-story reinforced concrete structure, with a focus on P-delta effects. To achieve this, linear dynamic analysis (response spectrum analysis) was conducted using E-TAB software. The selection of bracing configuration, however, depends upon the seismic zone. For this reason, five distinct configurations (X-pattern, inverted V, forward inclined, zig-zag, and bare frame) are considered for the analysis of buildings in different seismic zones. A building model was employed to study the behaviour of a structure with and without BRB to compare the parameters of storey drift, story displacement, diaphragm drift, story shear, story stiffness, and story acceleration using E-TAB software. Results showed that both Type-4 and Type-2 braces perform similarly in several aspects in seismic zones III and V. However, Type-2 braces perform slightly better in terms of storey stiffness-Y, with a lower difference of 39-40 % compared to Type-4 braces with a difference of 49 %.

Natural aggregate depletion and subsequent increase in construction and demolition waste C&D have enhanced the pressure on the construction industry to find solutions using more sustainable materials in concrete manufacturing. Recycled coarse aggregate RCA that has been derived using C&D wastes is an interesting and appealing option that has environmental and economic benefits. The current review takes a critical literature synthesis on the ability to incorporate RCA in concrete, with a specific keenness on mechanical outcomes, durability, structural performance, and environmental responsibilities. The issue of heterogeneity and inconsistency of quality that is often connected to RCA receives its share of attention, as well as the solution to overcoming this drawback. The focus is laid on life cycle assessment LCA research, which considers environmental trade-offs in terms of functional units, emissions cuts, and energy use. The review also considers the recent developments, like surface treatment, optimized mix, and supplementary matters, among others, to improve the performance of RCA. It finds weaknesses in the spheres of standardization, forecasting performance long-term, and sustainability evaluation procedures. All of this, when combined, provides a technically based, integrated approach to what role RCA plays in the sustainable development of civil infrastructure.

There has been an enormous improvement in the construction field in recent few decades among these; construction and material innovation are quite prominent. Concrete - steel composite part is one rising advance as perhaps the fastest technique for development. Steel tube with filled concrete is used to create a composite column. Experimental and theoretical work on high-performance CFST stub columns under axial load is explored in this paper. The parameters included in this study are diameter and thickness of steel tubes, mix design of high-performance concrete & ultimate load-carrying capacity. Six composite stub columns are cast and tested. The design formulas of CFST under axial loading are predicted using EUROCODE 4, ACI 318-95, AS 3600 & AS 4100. The finite element modeling of this composite column is done by using ABAQUS software.

Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) determines the response of structures during seismic activity. An engineering review committee deals only with the study of soil structure interaction as compared to free motion, gives an appreciable impact on the basement motion. This article investigates the influence of soil structure interaction on RC frame building with seismic excitations. By taking different cases like 5, 10, 15, 20 storey of varying soil types are type I, type II and type III, different foundation types are isolated, combined, mat, pile. The entire foundation-soil-structure system is modelled and analyzed in a finite element based SAP2000 Software, to study the stress on soil and framed structure in the presence of SSI. Finally, a comparative study between with and without SSI to reinforced concrete framed structure is done. The study shows that SSI effects are higher than regular approach if we include the SSI effects in our analysis and design of structure to get a safety design.

In the recent years due to lack of land the construction of high rise buildings widely increases and these buildings are affected by lateral loads due to wind or earthquake. To resist these horizontal loads lots of construction methods are available. Herein system peripheral columns of the building are eliminated.To resist the seismic forces we arrange the diagonal columns. In this study seismic performance of 20-story concrete and steel diagrid structures are assessed using response spectrum method. Only for concrete diagrid structure using time history method. The present work is made for studying the response and time period with acceleration of high rise building with concrete and steel diagrid structural system. To this aim response of two different diagrid structures of G+20 storey are carried out to obtain optimized position of diagrid. E-Tabs software mainly focus on seismic analysis of response spectrum and time history method. As per IS456:2000 and IS800:2007 all structural members of diagrid model are designed and IS1893:2002 and ASCE7-10 is considered for seismic analysis for concrete and steel diagrid structure. An evaluation of constraints storey shear, storey drift, storey displacement, Time period and Structural weight is done to determine the efficient and cost effective structure. The analysis of the building is carried out by using ETABS software.

Reinforced concrete walls are being widely adopted as lateral load resisting systems for high rise structures. The current practice among design engineers for modelling of such walls is by idealizing the same as ‘wide’ columns, which is uncertain from safety as well as economy point of view. The most efficient modelling strategy of RC walls involves use of shell elements. Such an approach can be computationally much intensive, especially from a seismic analysis perspective. The present study utilizes an equivalent strut approach for modelling RC walls. The modelling strategy is demonstrated on a G + 15 storey residential apartment located in Calicut city. The proposed methodology will be compared with the traditional ‘wide’ column method as well as the one with shell element discretization. Comparison of modal properties such as frequencies and vibration modes from the various models are initially made to assess the model accuracy. Various seismic analyses viz. Equivalent static approach, Response spectrum approach and the assessment the storey shear, inter storey drifts as well as computation times using various models were performed using time history analysis. From preliminary results, it is understood that the modelling strategy could serve as an efficient alternative to more robust and computationally demanding scheme involving use of shell elements.