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This randomized, prospective, blinded study compared pain in children following dental treatment under general anesthesia (GA) using 1 of 2 established analgesia methods. Patients age 4 to 7 years were randomly assigned to a control group (intravenous [IV] analgesics) or experimental group (IV analgesics and intrapapillary local anesthetic infiltrations) between July 2017 and February 2018. During recovery from surgery, Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scores were recorded upon regaining consciousness and reassessed every 15 minutes until discharge. Overall pain occurrence (FLACC ≥1) and moderate/severe pain occurrence (FLACC ≥4) were analyzed using mixed effects logistic regression (N = 88). The experimental group had a 17% lower overall pain occurrence than the control group (16 vs 33%; p = .02). Moderate/severe pain occurrence between the groups was not significant (9 vs 22%; p = .23). The dental treatment subjects received (number of completed stainless steel crowns, extractions, and/or pulpotomies) did not significantly affect pain occurrence. Local anesthesia intrapapillary infiltrations around stainless steel crowns decrease overall pain occurrence but not moderate/severe pain occurrence following dental treatment under GA in pediatric patients.

Studies of deeply buried, sedimentary microbial communities and associated biogeochemical processes during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 201 showed elevated prokaryotic cell numbers in sediment layers where methane is consumed anaerobically at the expense of sulfate. Here, we show that extractable archaeal rRNA, selecting only for active community members in these ecosystems, is dominated by sequences of uncultivated Archaea affiliated with the Marine Benthic Group B and the Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group, whereas known methanotrophic Archaea are not detectable. Carbon flow reconstructions based on stable isotopic compositions of whole archaeal cells, intact archaeal membrane lipids, and other sedimentary carbon pools indicate that these Archaea assimilate sedimentary organic compounds other than methane even though methanotrophy accounts for a major fraction of carbon cycled in these ecosystems. Oxidation of methane by members of Marine Benthic Group B and the Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group without assimilation of methane-carbon provides a plausible explanation. Maintenance energies of these subsurface communities appear to be orders of magnitude lower than minimum values known from laboratory observations, and ecosystem-level carbon budgets suggest that community turnover times are on the order of 100-2,000 years. Our study provides clues about the metabolic functionality of two cosmopolitan groups of uncultured Archaea.

Although numerous regulatory connections between pre-mRNA splicing and chromatin have been demonstrated, the precise mechanisms by which chromatin factors influence spliceosome assembly and/or catalysis remain unclear. To probe the genetic network of pre-mRNA splicing in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we constructed an epistatic mini-array profile (E-MAP) and discovered many new connections between chromatin and splicing. Notably, the nucleosome remodeler SWI/SNF had strong genetic interactions with components of the U2 snRNP SF3 complex. Overexpression of SF3 components in ΔSWI/SNF cells led to inefficient splicing of many fission yeast introns, predominantly those with non-consensus splice sites. Deletion of SWI/SNF decreased recruitment of the splicing ATPase Prp2, suggesting that SWI/SNF promotes co-transcriptional spliceosome assembly prior to first step catalysis. Importantly, defects in SWI/SNF as well as SF3 overexpression each altered nucleosome occupancy along intron-containing genes, illustrating that the chromatin landscape both affects--and is affected by--co-transcriptional splicing.

Although numerous regulatory connections between pre-mRNA splicing and chromatin have been demonstrated, the precise mechanisms by which chromatin factors influence spliceosome assembly and/or catalysis remain unclear. To probe the genetic network of pre-mRNA splicing in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we constructed an epistatic mini-array profile (E-MAP) and discovered many new connections between chromatin and splicing. Notably, the nucleosome remodeler SWI/SNF had strong genetic interactions with components of the U2 snRNP SF3 complex. Overexpression of SF3 components in δSWI/SNF cells led to inefficient splicing of many fission yeast introns, predominantly those with non-consensus splice sites. Deletion of SWI/SNF decreased recruitment of the splicing ATPase Prp2, suggesting that SWI/SNF promotes co-transcriptional spliceosome assembly prior to first step catalysis. Importantly, defects in SWI/SNF as well as SF3 overexpression each altered nucleosome occupancy along intron-containing genes, illustrating that the chromatin landscape both affects--and is affected by--co-transcriptional splicing.

People who suffer from chronic or terminal illness—and particularly those who also live at the poverty level—find their physical condition influences their quality of life and have a tremendous impact on their ability to accomplish everyday activities. Human/animal support services (HASS) evolved during the AIDS pandemic to help keep people with disabling illness together with their animal companions for as long as possible in a mutually beneficial relationship. This chapter examines the history and intersection of the AIDS pandemic, the human/animal bond movement, public health education and veterinary medicine. There is a particular focus on the AIDS pandemic, as it helped to spawn the field known today as human/animal support services and pet-associated zoonoses education. Zoonoses are diseases that humans can catch from other animals. This background information is followed by evidence of how animals can enhance the quality of life for people living with illness and disability. The AIDS pandemic brings about a movement of volunteer-based social services for both people and animals. Additionally, the AIDS pandemic has provided opportunities for veterinarians, veterinary students and veterinary technicians to volunteer, participate, and make important strides in improving and enhancing benefits of animal companionship. The HASS models presented in this chapter represent guidelines and provide blueprints designed to assist persons with chronic/terminal illnesses with caring for their pets and to enhance the quality of life while they live within their homes.