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Many in-memory computing frameworks demand electronic devices with specific switching characteristics to achieve the desired level of computational complexity. Existing memristive devices cannot be reconfigured to meet the diverse volatile and non-volatile switching requirements, and hence rely on tailored material designs specific to the targeted application, limiting their universality. “Reconfigurable memristors” that combine both ionic diffusive and drift mechanisms could address these limitations, but they remain elusive. Here we present a reconfigurable halide perovskite nanocrystal memristor that achieves on-demand switching between diffusive/volatile and drift/non-volatile modes by controllable electrochemical reactions. Judicious selection of the perovskite nanocrystals and organic capping ligands enable state-of-the-art endurance performances in both modes – volatile (2 × 10 6 cycles) and non-volatile (5.6 × 10 3 cycles). We demonstrate the relevance of such proof-of-concept perovskite devices on a benchmark reservoir network with volatile recurrent and non-volatile readout layers based on 19,900 measurements across 25 dynamically-configured devices. Existing memristors cannot be reconfigured to meet the diverse switching requirements of various computing frameworks, limiting their universality. Here, the authors present a nanocrystal memristor that can be reconfigured on-demand to address these limitations

Many properties of materials can be changed by varying the interatomic distances in the crystal lattice by applying stress. Ideal model systems for investigations are heteroepitaxial thin films where lattice distortions can be induced by the crystallographic mismatch with the substrate. Here we describe an in situ simultaneous diagnostic of growth mode and stress during pulsed laser deposition of oxide thin films. The stress state and evolution up to the relaxation onset are monitored during the growth of oxygen ion conducting Ce 0.85 Sm 0.15 O 2-δ thin films via optical wafer curvature measurements. Increasing tensile stress lowers the activation energy for charge transport and a thorough characterization of stress and morphology allows quantifying this effect using samples with the conductive properties of single crystals. The combined in situ application of optical deflectometry and electron diffraction provides an invaluable tool for strain engineering in Materials Science to fabricate novel devices with intriguing functionalities. Strain engineering is used to tune physiochemical material properties, but detailed insights of how the crystal growth affects the stress are yet lacking. Here, the authors analyse in situ simultaneously the induced stress and growth mode during the epitaxial growth of an oxygen ion conductor.

The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), identified in China at the end of December 2019 and causing the disease COVID-19, has meanwhile led to outbreaks all over the globe with about 2.2 million confirmed cases and more than 150,000 deaths as of April 17, 2020. In this work, mathematical models are used to reproduce data of the early evolution of the COVID-19 outbreak in Germany, taking into account the effect of actual and hypothetical non-pharmaceutical interventions. Systems of differential equations of SEIR type are extended to account for undetected infections, stages of infection, and age groups. The models are calibrated on data until April 5. Data from April 6 to 14 are used for model validation. We simulate different possible strategies for the mitigation of the current outbreak, slowing down the spread of the virus and thus reducing the peak in daily diagnosed cases, the demand for hospitalization or intensive care units admissions, and eventually the number of fatalities. Our results suggest that a partial (and gradual) lifting of introduced control measures could soon be possible if accompanied by further increased testing activity, strict isolation of detected cases, and reduced contact to risk groups.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is recognized as a sustainable strategy for hydrogen generation due to its abundant hydrogen source, utilization of inexhaustible solar energy, high‐purity product, and environment‐friendly process. To actualize a practical PEC water splitting, it is paramount to develop efficient, stable, safe, and low‐cost photoelectrode materials. Recently, graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) has aroused a great interest in the new generation photoelectrode materials because of its unique features, such as suitable band structure for water splitting, a certain range of visible light absorption, nontoxicity, and good stability. Some inherent defects of g‐C3N4, however, seriously impair further improvement on PEC performance, including low electronic conductivity, high recombination rate of photogenerated charges, and limited visible light absorption at long wavelength range. Construction of g‐C3N4‐based nanosized heteroarrays as photoelectrodes has been regarded as a promising strategy to circumvent these inherent limitations and achieve the high‐performance PEC water splitting due to the accelerated exciton separation and the reduced combination of photogenerated electrons/holes. Herein, we summarize in detail the latest progress of g‐C3N4‐based nanosized heteroarrays in PEC water‐splitting photoelectrodes. Firstly, the unique advantages of this type of photoelectrodes, including the highly ordered nanoarray architectures and the heterojunctions, are highlighted. Then, different g‐C3N4‐based nanosized heteroarrays are comprehensively discussed, in terms of their fabrication methods, PEC capacities, and mechanisms, etc. To conclude, the key challenges and possible solutions for future development on g‐C3N4‐based nanosized heteroarray photoelectrodes are discussed. Constructing graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4)‐based heteroarrays as photoelectrodes has been regarded as the most straightforward and efficient strategy for enhancing the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of g‐C3N4. On the one hand, heterojunctions between g‐C3N4 and the secondary material can accelerate the separation of photogenerated electrons/holes. On the other hand, highly‐ordered array architectures provide the fast transport routes for photogenerated carriers, thus significantly suppressing the recombination of photo‐induced charges. Briefly, g‐C3N4‐based heteroarrays will play a key role in the next years, and will help to pave an avenue to achieve the efficient and stable PEC water splitting for sustainable solar‐driven hydrogen production.

Reference brains are indispensable tools in human brain mapping, enabling integration of multimodal data into an anatomically realistic standard space. Available reference brains, however, are restricted to the macroscopic scale and do not provide information on the functionally important microscopic dimension. We created an ultrahigh-resolution three-dimensional (3D) model of a human brain at nearly cellular resolution of 20 micrometers, based on the reconstruction of 7404 histological sections. \"BigBrain\" is a free, publicly available tool that provides considerable neuroanatomical insight into the human brain, thereby allowing the extraction of microscopic data for modeling and simulation. BigBrain enables testing of hypotheses on optimal path lengths between interconnected cortical regions or on spatial organization of genetic patterning, redefining the traditional neuroanatomy maps such as those of Brodmann and von Economo.

A bstract Scale setting is of central importance in lattice QCD. It is required to predict dimensional quantities in physical units. Moreover, it determines the relative lattice spacings of computations performed at different values of the bare coupling, and this is needed for extrapolating results into the continuum. Thus, we calculate a new quantity, w 0 , for setting the scale in lattice QCD, which is based on the Wilson flow like the scale t 0 (M. Luscher, JHEP 08 (2010) 071). It is cheap and straightforward to implement and compute. In particular, it does not involve the delicate fitting of correlation functions at asymptotic times. It typically can be determined on the few per-mil level. We compute its continuum extrapolated value in 2 + 1-flavor QCD for physical and non-physical pion and kaon masses, to allow for mass-independent scale setting even away from the physical mass point. We demonstrate its robustness by computing it with two very different actions (one of them with staggered, the other with Wilson fermions) and by showing that the results agree for physical quark masses in the continuum limit.

LaTiO x N y oxynitride thin films are employed to study the surface modifications at the solid-liquid interface that occur during photoelectrocatalytic water splitting. Neutron reflectometry and grazing incidence x-ray absorption spectroscopy were utilised to distinguish between the surface and bulk signals, with a surface sensitivity of 3 nm. Here we show, contrary to what is typically assumed, that the A cations are active sites that undergo oxidation at the surface as a consequence of the water splitting process. Whereas, the B cations undergo local disordering with the valence state remaining unchanged. This surface modification reduces the overall water splitting efficiency, but is suppressed when the oxynitride thin films are decorated with a co-catalyst. With this example we present the possibilities of surface sensitive studies using techniques capable of operando measurements in water, opening up new opportunities for applications to other materials and for surface sensitive, operando studies of the water splitting process. While solar-driven water splitting may afford a renewable means to harvest energy, it is essential to understand how photocatalysts transform during catalysis. Here, authors study LaTiO x N y films by surface-sensitive techniques before and after photoelectrochemical water splitting.

The Human Brain Project (HBP) is a European flagship project with a 10-year horizon aiming to understand the human brain and to translate neuroscience knowledge into medicine and technology. To achieve such aims, the HBP explores the multilevel complexity of the brain in space and time; transfers the acquired knowledge to brain-derived applications in health, computing, and technology; and provides shared and open computing tools and data through the HBP European brain research infrastructure. We discuss how the HBP creates a transdisciplinary community of researchers united by the quest to understand the brain, with fascinating perspectives on societal benefits.

In December 2016, Michael Stuke stepped down, and Thomas Lippert took over the role as Editor-in-Chief of APA in January 2017, with the goal of keeping the high standards of APA, but also to try to increase the impact factor and to slowly “modernize” the journal. Nanostructures, Nanomaterials Laser Ablation and Deposition, Analysis Additive Manufacturing Interfaces Functional Oxides Amorphous Solids: glasses and metallic glasses Advanced Metals and Alloys (not pure chemistry) Carbon Materials Polymers and Organic Materials Magnetic Materials, including thin films and multilayers Semiconductors and Novel Materials, Sensors Modeling and Computation in Applied Materials Science Advanced Spectroscopies including single molecules (not standard characterization) Materials for Energy Applications Applied Biophysics, Nanobiomaterials Sensors a new structure was implemented, with senior editors, which now have the role of a first quality/topic check, and then assigning the papers to the corresponding editors plagiarism checking was introduced as standard approach for each submitted paper, and other integrity measures, e.g. to limit the number of self-citations or reviewers insisting on own papers to be cited. the editor pick was established, with certain papers highlighted for the journal a new appearance was introduced for APA and APB, now having a cover image for each issue increased presence of the journal in social media with support from the Springer Physics platforms Highlight journal metrics in 2021: more than 3600 submissions, with an acceptance rate of 26%; a median 18 days until the first decision; almost 818,000 downloads. the sum of these measures may have contributed to a steady increase of our Impact Factor, which more than doubled in 5 years, reaching 2.983 in 2021 (as compared to 1.455 in 2016) Of course, we faced also challenges, e.g. the increased number of misconduct and research integrity cases (sometimes needing support from the Springer Research Integrity Team), the increasing problems to find two or more available reviewers, but we are working on this to have all these issues resolved. Editor-in-Chief of Applied Physics A. Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.