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ABSTRACT The k $k$ ‐winner‐take‐all (k $k$ ‐WTA) operation is a fundamental neural computation that models competitive selection among multiple agents. While existing k $k$ ‐WTA networks have been extended to handle noise, unbalanced topologies and time delays, most approaches still suffer from high communication costs and limited ability to guarantee global selection optimality in distributed settings. To address these challenges, this paper develops a distributed k $k$ ‐WTA neural selection‐control model that integrates nonlinear winner‐selection dynamics with communication‐efficient protocols. The proposed model ensures the convergence to k $k$globally optimal winners under local neighbour communication and provides rigorous stability guarantees. Building upon the selected winners, a cooperative formation control strategy with a double closed‐loop structure is designed, enabling fast convergence, robustness against disturbances and reduced communication burden. The effectiveness of the framework is validated through theoretical analysis, numerical simulations under both static and dynamic conditions, and a representative application to multi‐UAV cooperative competition and formation control. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves global selection consistency, high‐precision tracking performance and strong robustness, thereby highlighting its potential as a general distributed neural framework for cooperation‐competition systems.

The electrocatalysis of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a key role in clean energy storage and transfer. Nonetheless, the sluggish kinetics and poor durability under acidic and neutral conditions severely hinder practical applications such as electrolyzer compatible with the powerful proton exchange membrane and biohybrid fuel production. Here, we report a boron-doped ruthenium dioxide electrocatalyst (B-RuO 2 ) fabricated by a facile boric acid assisted strategy which demonstrates excellent acidic and neutral OER performances. Density functional theory calculations and advanced characterizations reveal that the boron species form an anomalous B-O covalent bonding with the oxygen atoms of RuO 2 and expose the fully coordinately bridge ruthenium site (Ru-bri site), which seems like a switch that turns on the inactive Ru-bri site into OER-active, resulting in more exposed active sites, modified electronic structure, and optimized binding energy of intermediates. Thus, the B-RuO 2 exhibits an ultralow overpotential of 200 mV at 10 mA/cm 2 and maintains excellent stability compared to commercial RuO 2 in 0.5 M sulfuric acid. Moreover, the superior performance is as well displayed in neutral electrolyte, surpassing most previously reported catalysts.

Breakthroughs in energy storage and conversion devices depend heavily on the exploration of low-cost and high-performance materials. Carbon-supported electrocatalysts with dimensional varieties have recently attracted significant attention due to their strong structural flexibility and easy accessibility. Nevertheless, understanding the connection between their electronic, structural properties, and catalytic performance must remain a top priority. Synchrotron radiation (SR) X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques, including hard XAS and soft XAS, are recognized as efficient and comprehensive platforms for probing the surface, interface, and bulk electronic structure of elements of interest in the materials community. In the past decade, the flourishing development of materials science and advanced characterization technologies have led to a deeper understanding at different temporal, longitudinal, and spatial scales. In this review, we briefly describe the concept of XAS techniques and summarize their recent progress in addressing scientific questions on carbon-supported electrocatalysts through the development of advanced instruments and experimental methods. We then discuss the remaining challenges and potential research directions in next-generation materials frontiers, and suggest challenges and perspectives for shedding light on the structure–activity relationship.

Electrocatalytic reduction reaction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 RR) to formic acid is widely considered an effective strategy for addressing the greenhouse effect and enhancing energy conversion efficiency. However, existing catalytic systems are severely hampered by insufficient activity and significant hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which substantially compromises the selectivity and stability of CO 2 RR, necessitating the development of highly efficient and stable electrocatalysts. Herein, we present a heteroatomic modification strategy to synthesize B-doped Bi and N-doped Bi electrocatalysts, and systematically investigate the regulation mechanism of incorporated elements on the electronic environment using X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy and other characterization techniques. The optimized B-doped Bi catalyst demonstrates exceptional catalytic performance, achieving a remarkable Faradaic efficiency of 95% for formic acid production at a high current density of −190 mA/cm 2 under alkaline conditions, while maintaining excellent stability for 20 h. Through comprehensive experimental characterization and theoretical calculations, we reveal that the B-doping-induced electron-rich structure significantly promotes CO 2 molecule activation and facilitates the formation of the key intermediate *OCHO, thereby achieving high selectivity and stability in CO 2 RR. This work not only elucidates the crucial role of electronic environment in CO 2 electrocatalytic conversion but also provides innovative insights into the rational design of high-performance electrocatalysts.

In cases where substorm injections can be observed simultaneously by multiple spacecraft,they can help elucidate the potential mechanisms of particle transport and energization,of great importance to understanding and modeling the magnetosphere.In this paper,using data returned from the BeiDa-IES（BD-IES） instrument onboard a satellite in an inclined（55°） geosynchronous orbit（IGSO）,in combination with two geo-transfer orbiting（GTO） satellite Van Allen Probes（A and B）,we analyze a substorm injection event that occurred on the 16 th of October 2015.During this substorm injection,the IGSO onboard BD-IES was outbound,while both Van Allen Probe satellites（A and B） were inbound,a configuration of multiple trajectories that provides a unique opportunity to simultaneously investigate both the inward and outward radial propagation of substorm injection.Indicated by AE/AL indices,this substorm was closely related to an IMF/solar wind discontinuity that showed a sharp change in IMF Bz direction to the north.The innermost signature of this substorm injection was detected by Van Allen Probes A and B at L-3.7,while the outermost signature was observed by the onboard BD-IES instrument at L-10.These data indicate that the substorm had a global,rather than just local,effect.Finally,we suggest that electric fields carried by fast-mode compressional waves around the substorm injection are the most likely candidate mechanism for the electron injection signatures observed in the inner- and outermost inner magnetosphere.

In this article,the progress of marine geographic information system（MGIS） in China during 2006？2010 is reviewed with emphases on generic MGIS,advanced MGIS and MGIS-based applications.Generic MGIS can be divided into two categories：data-oriented MGIS and user-oriented MGIS,recent achievements of which by Chinese researchers are summarized respectively.Advanced MGIS mainly involves the establishment of 3D virtual marine environment and ＇Digital Ocean＇.An overview of the 3D MGIS based simulations in the context of ocean phenomena,ocean engineering and ocean battlefield is also presented.Several sug-gestions for future development of MGIS in China are proposed,and trends of development are addressed.

In Jupiter's middle magnetosphere, debate remains on the controlling physics of electron acceleration to the ultrarelativistic regime. Some local‐time asymmetric processes regulating MeV electrons may have their hold across electron spectra, leaving imprints down to 10–100s keV energies. Spectra at these lower energies can be measured with finite energy resolution, which is hardly achieved for MeV electrons. We investigate 10–100s keV electron spectra using Galileo measurements. We show that at 15–20 RJ, the power‐law exponents exhibit a previously unexpected dawn‐dusk asymmetry. This asymmetry is more prominent for 100s‐keV spectra, persistent but enhanced from 1996 to 2001. These match the theory of transport driven by a dawn‐to‐dusk electric field. Contrary to past expectations of dawn‐to‐dusk electric field at Io plasma torus (IPT) extending outward from 6 RJ, the origin of the field we infer may be completely different, despite its orientation and impacts on electron energization similar with the IPT one. Plain Language Summary The electron radiation 5–20 Jovian radii (RJ) to Jupiter is critical as being the final baton in the relay of accelerating seed populations for the highest‐energy electrons. Trapped at <5 RJ, such harsh electron environment is the one in all within our reach strengthful enough for synchrotron emissions as those remote astrophysical sources. One essential issue in understanding the nature of this intense electron environment is quantifying its seed population distribution to discern the controlling physics among a diversity of acceleration processes. We untangle the ball of thread by resolving the time variations to establish the longitudinal and radial distributions of 10–100s keV electron energy spectra measured by Galileo spacecraft. We show that the key parameters of spectra at 15–20 RJ exhibit a previously unexpected dawn‐dusk asymmetry. This asymmetry is more prominent for 100s keV electrons, persistent but intensified from 1996 to 2001. We indicate that the featured dawn‐dusk asymmetry is possibly the global manifestation of the convective transport driven by a dawn‐dusk electric field with an origin distinct from the one discovered around 6 RJ. We suggest that this convective transport is engaged in the dynamics preconditioning the making of the innermost highest‐energy electron radiation. Key Points The power law exponents of 100s keV electron spectra show a previously unexpected dawn‐dusk asymmetry at 15 < M < 20 in Jupiter's magnetosphere The asymmetry intensifies from 1996 to 2001 due to the exponents' increase at dawn and simultaneous decrease at dusk The results match the theory of transport due to a dawn‐dusk electric field with an origin distinct from the one found at Io plasma torus

Manganese (Mn), as a cofactor of multiple enzymes, exhibits great significance to the human body, plants and animals. It is also a critical raw material and alloying element. However, extensive employment for industrial purposes leads to its excessive emission into the environment and turns into a significant threat to the ecosystem and public health. This review firstly introduces the essentiality, toxicity and regulation of Mn. Several traditional physicochemical methods and their problems are briefly discussed as well. Biological remediation, especially microorganism-mediated strategies, is a potential alternative for remediating Mn-polluted environments in a cost-efficient and eco-friendly manner. Among them, microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), biosorption, bioaccumulation, bio-oxidation are discussed in detail, including their mechanisms, pivotal influencing factors along with strengths and limitations. In order to promote bioremediation efficiency, the combination of different techniques is preferable, and their research progress is also summarized. Finally, we propose the future directions of Mn bioremediation by microbes. Conclusively, this review provides a scientific basis for the microbial remediation performance for Mn pollution and guides the development of a comprehensive competent strategy towards practical Mn remediation.

Soybean yield is a complex quantitative trait, which is greatly affected by environmental conditions. The main objective of this study is not only to identify specific traits contributing to yield in different latitudes, which can be further used in breeding, but also to identify the outperforming varieties, as this can help to select new lines with these traits. One hundred and seventy-three soybean genotypes were tested in three different ecological environments, including Harbin, Changchun, and Shenyang in China during 2015-2016 cropping seasons. The evaluation on the different agronomic and physiological traits indicated that the soybean varieties with higher plant height, more nodes of main stem, branches, pods, grains, and 100-grain weight, or longer growth periods may have higher yield. Pods, grains and 100-grain weight can be used as direct selection criteria for yield increase, and likewise the other traits such as plant height, nodes of main stem, branches, growth periods indirectly affected yield by affecting the three traits above. The effect of genotype × environment (G × E) interaction on different agronomic traits was significant. The representativeness and discriminability for grains yield per plant was the most significant in Harbin, which could be used to screen varieties with high yield and wider adaptability. Genotype \"Suinong 1\" was considered stable with higher value of grain yield per plant than other genotypes used in this study. As the yield of certain soybean cultivars may be significantly reduced if they are grown in a region as little as 2°N beyond its normal cultivation latitudes, therefore, the identification and analysis on the stable and widely adaptive soybean genotypes would be very important, and it would provide the significant reference accordance of soybean variety selection for the soybean breeders.

Early fracture fixation is the critical factor in fracture healing. Common internal fracture implants are made of metallic materials, which often affects the imaging quality of CT and MRI. Most patients will choose secondary surgery to remove the internal fixation implants, which causes secondary damage to them. The development of new degradable internal fracture implants has attracted more and more attention from orthopedic surgeons and researchers. Based on these problems, we improved the various properties of medical grade polycaprolactone (PCL) by adding poly(L-lactide) (PLLA). We produced PCL/PLLA strapping bands with different mass ratios by injection molding. We compared the mechanical properties, degradation properties, cell biocompatibility, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) adhesion, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and fracture fixation effect of these strapping bands. The results showed that the tensile strength and yield force of the strapping bands increased with the increase of the content of PLLA. The addition of PLLA could significantly improve the mechanical strength in the early stage and accelerate the degradation rate of the strapping band. PCL/PLLA (80/20) strapping band had no significant cytotoxicity toward rBMSCs and could promote osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs. The strapping band could ensure femoral fracture healing of beagles in 3 months and didn’t cause damage to the surrounding tissues and main organs. This study will provide some new insights into the biodegradable products of PCL/PLLA blends for internal fixation of fracture.