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Chronic ultraviolet (UV) exposure is the primary cause of skin photoaging, leading to wrinkles, pigmentation changes, and loss of dermal elasticity. This systematic review and network meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of topical compounds for treating skin photoaging. A comprehensive search identified 23 RCTs with 3905 participants, comparing anti-aging agents. Bayesian network meta-analysis showed isotretinoin, retinol, and tretinoin significantly improved fine wrinkles, with isotretinoin ranked highest. Tazarotene was most effective for coarse wrinkles, while glycolic acid reduced roughness. Tretinoin and retinol were superior for hyperpigmentation. Safety analysis indicated tretinoin had the most favorable profile, whereas tazarotene and glycolic acid had higher adverse event risks. Isotretinoin and tretinoin emerged as the most balanced treatments across efficacy and safety. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for clinical decision-making in anti-photoaging therapy and underscore the potential for these agents to be integrated into routine dermatologic practice, particularly for patients seeking effective and well-tolerated topical interventions. However, limitations included limited racial diversity, potential commercial bias, and variability in dermatological assessments. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for clinical decision-making in anti-photoaging therapy.

RNAi technologies have been exploited to control viruses, pests, oomycetes, and fungal phytopathogens that cause disasters in host plants, including many agronomically significant crops. Double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been applied as a trigger for trans‐kingdom RNAi between hosts and fungi. However, it is unclear what process mediates RNA uptake by fungi. In this study, by using live‐cell imaging, we determined that exogenously synthesized RNA or small RNA (sRNA) was indiscriminately absorbed into Verticillium dahliae, a notorious pathogenic fungus. Moreover, the application of endocytic inhibitors or deletion of endocytic‐related genes reduced RNA uptake efficiency, showing that RNA absorption by fungal cells occurs mainly through endocytosis. In addition, we found that the endocytosed fluorescence‐labeled RNAs were partly colocalized with endosome marker genes. Overall, our research concluded that exogenous RNA could be assimilated by V. dahliae through the endocytic pathway. Unraveling this cytological mechanism underlying trans‐kingdom RNAi holds significant importance, especially considering the fact that RNAi‐based strategies targeting pathogenic fungi are increasingly prevalent in the realm of crop protection. Impact statement The cytological mechanisms underlying trans‐kingdom RNAi remain largely elusive. In this study, we clearly showed that the uptake of RNAs by Verticillium dahliae occurs through endocytosis mediated by actin‐related genes and that endocytosed RNAs are destined in endosomes. This image‐based analysis provides visual evidence for the application of RNAi‐based methods for crop protection against pathogenic fungi.

Based on 2-dimension baseband DSSS modulation method and orthogonal frequency conversion theory, a four-dimensional band-pass DSSS modulation and demodulation system model based on a single pseudo-noise code is proposed. Then, the BER performance is analysed, and the hardware experiments based on software defined radio are conducted. Compared with 16QAM and 16PSK, when the BER is 10−6, the proposed method outperforms 16QAM and 16PSK by 4dB and 8dB respectively, hardware experiments show that the time domain characteristics, power spectrum and power bandwidth of RF signals are consistent with theoretical values. Works in this paper establish the technology foundation for future application.

For successful colonization, fungal pathogens have evolved specialized infection structures to overcome the barriers present in host plants. The morphology of infection structures and pathogenic mechanisms are diverse according to host specificity. Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus, generates hyphopodium with a penetration peg on cotton roots while developing appressoria, that are typically associated with leaf infection on lettuce and fiber flax roots. In this study, we isolated the pathogenic fungus, V. dahliae (VdaSm), from Verticillium wilt eggplants and generated a GFP-labeled isolate to explore the colonization process of VdaSm on eggplants. We found that the formation of hyphopodium with penetration peg is crucial for the initial colonization of VdaSm on eggplant roots, indicating that the colonization processes on eggplant and cotton share a similar feature. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the VdNoxB/VdPls1-dependent Ca2+ elevation activating VdCrz1 signaling is a common genetic pathway to regulate infection-related development in V. dahliae. Our results indicated that VdNoxB/VdPls1-dependent pathway may be a desirable target to develop effective fungicides, to protect crops from V. dahliae infection by interrupting the formation of specialized infection structures.

In integrated circuits (ICs), the parasitic capacitance is one of the crucial factors that degrade the circuit dynamic performance; for instance, it reduces the operating frequency of the circuit. Eliminating the parasitic capacitance in organic transistors is notoriously challenging due to the inherent tradeoff between manufacturing costs and interlayer alignment accuracy. Here, we overcome such a limitation using a cost‐effective method for fabricating organic thin‐film transistors and rectifying diodes without redundant electrode overlaps. This is achieved by placing all electrodes horizontally and introducing sub‐100 nm gaps for separation. A representative small‐scale IC consisting of five‐stage ring oscillators based on the obtained nonparasitic transistors and diodes is fabricated on flexible substrates, which performs reliably at a low driving voltage of 1 V. Notably, the oscillator exhibits signal propagation delays of 5.8 μs per stage at a supply voltage of 20 V when utilizing pentacene as the active layer. Since parasitic capacitance has been a common challenge for all types of thin‐film transistors, our approach may pave the way toward the realization of flexible and large‐area ICs based on other emerging and highly performing semiconductors. The proposed dual self‐alignment technique enables the realization of a nanogap that effectively isolates the gate from the source/drain electrodes in organic thin‐film transistors and the cathode from the anode in rectifying diodes. Consequently, the parasitic capacitance of these devices is completely eliminated. This breakthrough permits the development of small‐scale organic integrated circuits free of parasitic capacitance, which can be fabricated on flexible substrates.

Aiming at the problems of non-sinusoidal time-domain multiple quadrature modulation signals based on Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions (PSWFs), as the number of pulses increases, the bandwidth efficiency of the modulation signal frequency band decreases, the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and the implementation complexity are high, a method for optimal design of PSWFs pulse groups based on DFT precoding is proposed. The PSWFs pulse signal frequency domain generation method is adopted. By introducing the precoding matrix, the multi-channel PSWFs pulse group signals are optimized and designed, and then the input data is redistributed to obtain new PSWFs pulse group signals. Experimental results show that this method can further improve the power efficiency of the modulated signal and effectively reduce the peak-to-average power ratio of the modulated signal without changing the orthogonality of the original PSWFs subcarriers. As the number of carriers increases, the suppression effect on the peak-to-average power ratio becomes more obvious.

Shear phonons are collective atomic-layer motions in layered materials that carry critical information about mechanical, thermal and optoelectronic properties. Phonon branches with co-directional atomic-layer motions carry unique information about the global structure and hidden interfaces in layered crystals and heterostructures, but they are not detectable due to the very limited electron–phonon coupling. Here we utilize the propagating feature and mechanical coupling between shear phonons and localized plasmonic cavities to successfully realize direct characterization of ground-state shear phonons down to 4 cm−1 in energy by introducing mechano-Raman spectroscopy (MRS). MRS has the ability to characterize the global crystal structure with more than 108-fold enhancement and to accurately measure subpicometre displacements under ambient conditions with a thermal-noise-free feature. The propagating behaviour and the capacity of MRS to detect optically hidden interfaces are demonstrated. The broad tunability of plasmons makes the MRS technique a robust tool for extensive applications, including global crystal flaw detection, mechanical sensing and the mechanical modulation of light.Mechano-Raman spectroscopy is demonstrated by using interlayer phonons of atomic-layer vibrators to drive synchronous motion of the metallic plasmonic structure that can then be detected. The modulated light scattering brings out the information that cannot be accessed by optical Raman spectroscopy.

For successful colonization, fungal pathogens have evolved specialized infection structures to overcome the barriers present in host plants. The morphology of infection structures and pathogenic mechanisms are diverse according to host specificity. Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus, generates hyphopodium with a penetration peg on cotton roots while developing appressoria, that are typically associated with leaf infection on lettuce and fiber flax roots. In this study, we isolated the pathogenic fungus, V. dahliae (Vda[sup.Sm]), from Verticillium wilt eggplants and generated a GFP-labeled isolate to explore the colonization process of Vda[sup.Sm] on eggplants. We found that the formation of hyphopodium with penetration peg is crucial for the initial colonization of Vda[sup.Sm] on eggplant roots, indicating that the colonization processes on eggplant and cotton share a similar feature. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the VdNoxB/VdPls1-dependent Ca[sup.2+] elevation activating VdCrz1 signaling is a common genetic pathway to regulate infection-related development in V. dahliae. Our results indicated that VdNoxB/VdPls1-dependent pathway may be a desirable target to develop effective fungicides, to protect crops from V. dahliae infection by interrupting the formation of specialized infection structures.

针对机载激光发射器位于云层上方或云层中央时，云层的存在会降低激光通信性能的问题，仿真分析了不同类型的云层对激光能量衰减、信噪比、最大码元传输速率与误码率的影响。得到结论：云的存在主要造成激光能量衰减，影响最大传输速率与误码率，但对信噪比影响较小。链路余量大于18.9 dB的通信系统，链路上允许存在4 km的云层。云层对最大通信速率与误码率的影响主要是时间扩展造成码间串扰。卷云对通信性能几乎无影响；积云对通信性能的影响较大；层云、层积云和积雨云对通信性能的影响更大，但三种云的差异很小，可不作区分；高层云和雨层云对通信性能影响最大，其中雨层云的影响比高层云更大。

In this paper, four-wheel steering and direct yaw-moment integrated controller is designed. To verify the effectiveness of the integrated controller, a nonlinear three-degree-of-freedom model is employed for computer simulation. Considering the nonlinear effects of tyre, Pacejka tyre model was adopted to set up the nonlinear vehicle dynamic model. The direct yaw-moment controller was designed based on optimal control theory. Simulation on the nonlinear vehicle with integrated controller in Matlab/Simulink software environment was described. The simulations suggest, compared with FWS and 4WS, the integrated controller can make the handling and stability performance on big lateral acceleration and slip angle improved, and make the driver drive the vehicle normally. The conclusion can be useful for the system design of vehicle stability control system.