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The paper establishes a measurement-launch station correlation model of a single-frequency off-line radar system, derives the principles of the three-dimensional TOA positioning method and the two-dimensional TOA positioning method to estimate the target height, and gives the analysis of the GDOP positioning accuracy of the corresponding algorithm, and Through the simulation verification of a three-transmission single-receiving external radiation source positioning model, the effects of different algorithms on positioning accuracy and measurement-transmission station correlation are analysed. The results show that using the two-dimensional TOA positioning method to estimate the target height can improve the measurement-transmitting station correlation probability of the single-frequency off-line radiation source radar.

As global food security faces challenges, enhancing crop yield and stress resistance becomes imperative. This study comprehensively explores the impact of nanomaterials (NMs) on Gramineae plants, with a focus on the effects of various types of nanoparticles, such as iron-based, titanium-containing, zinc, and copper nanoparticles, on plant photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and antioxidant enzyme activity. We found that the effects of nanoparticles largely depend on their chemical properties, particle size, concentration, and the species and developmental stage of the plant. Under appropriate conditions, specific NMs can promote the root development of Gramineae plants, enhance photosynthesis, and increase chlorophyll content. Notably, iron-based and titanium-containing nanoparticles show significant effects in promoting chlorophyll synthesis and plant growth. However, the impact of nanoparticles on oxidative stress is complex. Under certain conditions, nanoparticles can enhance plants’ antioxidant enzyme activity, improving their ability to withstand environmental stresses; excessive or inappropriate NMs may cause oxidative stress, affecting plant growth and development. Copper nanoparticles, in particular, exhibit this dual nature, being beneficial at low concentrations but potentially harmful at high concentrations. This study provides a theoretical basis for the future development of nanofertilizers aimed at precisely targeting Gramineae plants to enhance their antioxidant stress capacity and improve photosynthesis efficiency. We emphasize the importance of balancing the agricultural advantages of nanotechnology with environmental safety in practical applications. Future research should focus on a deeper understanding of the interaction mechanisms between more NMs and plants and explore strategies to reduce potential environmental impacts to ensure the health and sustainability of the ecosystem while enhancing the yield and quality of Gramineae crops.

Background Synthetic biology requires toolbox of promoters to finely tune gene expression levels for building up efficient cell factories. Yeast promoters owned variable core promoter regions between the TATA-box and transcriptional starting site (TSS) at the length mostly around 20–80 bases. This region allowed flexible design of artificial promoter but potentially demand special base motifs to maintain or enhance the promoter’s strength. Results Here, we designed and screened the base motifs and tested the activities of yeast artificial core promoters. Different 30 bases of artificial sequences led to variable expression levels of CrtY enzyme which determined the lycopene–carotene compositions, represented in the colony-color spectrum of red–orange–yellow. The upstream sequences of two strong promoter P EXP1 and P GPD and two starting strains with distinguishable lycopene production levels were utilized to characterize the promoter sequences. Different partition designs of T-rich or G/C-rich base motifs led to distinguishable colony-color distributions. Finally, we screened a champion promoter with a highest 5.5-fold enhancement of lycopene–carotene transformation. Another selected promoter generated a highest beta-carotene production as 7.4 mg/g DCW. Conclusions This work offered an approach to redesign promoter with artificial sequences. We concluded that the core promoter region could be designated as 30 bases and different base motifs would enhance or weaken the promoter’s strength. Generally, more T-rich elements, higher %T and lower G/C percentage were beneficial to enhance the strength of artificial core promoter.

Endometriosis is a complex and heterogeneous disorder with unknown etiology. Dysregulation of macrophages and innervation are important factors influencing the pathogenesis of endometriosis-associated pain. It is known to be an estrogen-dependent disease, estrogen can promote secretion of chemokines from peripheral nerves, enhancing the recruitment and polarization of macrophages in endometriotic tissue. Macrophages have a role in the expression of multiple nerve growth factors (NGF), which mediates the imbalance of neurogenesis in an estrogen-dependent manner. Under the influence of estrogen, co-existence of macrophages and nerves induces an innovative neuro-immune communication. Persistent stimulation by inflammatory cytokines from macrophages on nociceptors of peripheral nerves aggravates neuroinflammation through the release of inflammatory neurotransmitters. This neuro-immune interaction regulated by estrogen sensitizes peripheral nerves, leading to neuropathic pain in endometriosis. The aim of this review is to highlight the significance of estrogen in the interaction between macrophages and nerve fibers, and to suggest a potentially valuable therapeutic target for endometriosis-associated pain.

Alkaline stress (high pH) severely damages root cells, and consequently, inhibits rice ( L.) seedling growth. In this study, we demonstrate the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in root cells under alkaline stress. Seedlings of two rice cultivars with different alkaline tolerances, 'Dongdao-4' (moderately alkaline-tolerant) and 'Jiudao-51' (alkaline-sensitive), were subjected to alkaline stress simulated by 15 mM sodium carbonate (Na CO ). Alkaline stress greatly reduced seedling survival rate, shoot and root growth, and root vigor. Moreover, severe root cell damage was observed under alkaline stress, as shown by increased membrane injury, malondialdehyde accumulation, and Evan's Blue staining. The expression of the cell death-related genes , , , and was consistently upregulated, while that of a cell death-suppressor gene, , was downregulated. Analysis of the ROS contents revealed that alkaline stress induced a marked accumulation of superoxide anions ([Formula: see text]) and hydrogen peroxide (H O ) in rice roots. The application of procyanidins (a potent antioxidant) to rice seedlings 24 h prior to alkaline treatment significantly alleviated alkalinity-induced root damage and promoted seedling growth inhibition, which were concomitant with reduced ROS accumulation. These results suggest that root cell damage, and consequently growth inhibition, of rice seedlings under alkaline stress is closely associated with ROS accumulation. The antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase increased under alkaline stress in the roots, probably in response to the cellular damage induced by oxidative stress. However, this response mechanism may be overwhelmed by the excess ROS accumulation observed under stress, resulting in oxidative damage to root cells. Our findings provide physiological insights into the molecular mechanisms of alkalinity-induced damage to root cells, and will contribute to the improvement of alkaline stress tolerance in rice plants.

During the cultivation of Taxus cuspidata , significant differences in leaf coloration between different types have emerged, which is of great significance for variety breeding. This study employed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyzes to identify key genes and metabolites associated with leaf color variation between the yellow leaf type and the green leaf type. The results showed: (1) Metabolites such as kaempferol 3-p-coumaroylglucoside, quercetin-3’-glucuronide, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, Ridiculuflavone D, phaeophorbide b, and paclitaxel were significantly higher in the yellow leaf type compared to the green leaf type, while the content of tetrapyrrole compounds was significantly lower in the yellow leaf type.(2) Transcriptomic analysis indicated that genes involved in carotenoid synthesis, flavonoid synthesis, and chlorophyll degradation, such as F3H, FLS, ZEP, PSY, and FLN, were significantly upregulated in the yellow leaf type compared to the green leaf type. In contrast, genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis (GLK, SGR) and anthocyanin synthesis (DFR) were significantly downregulated. qRT-PCR analysis further validated these results. (3) Integrative transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed significant positive correlations between F3H, FLS, FLN genes and flavonoid compounds, and between GLK, SGR genes and the reduction in tetrapyrrole compounds, promoting chlorophyll and chloroplast degradation. These findings suggest that the acquisition of yellow leaf traits in Taxus cuspidata is mainly achieved by enhancing upstream flavonoid biosynthesis pathways and downstream chlorophyll degradation pathways, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and chlorophyll degradation, while limiting the downstream anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and related processes.

Background The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be attributed partly to the secreted paracrine factors, which comprise exosomes. Exosomes are small, saucer-shaped vesicles containing miRNAs, mRNAs, and proteins. Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have been reported to promote angiogenesis. However, the efficacy of exosome-based therapies is still limited both in vitro and in vivo. The present study aimed to develop a new optical manipulation approach to stimulate the proangiogenic potential of exosomes and characterize its mechanism underlying tissue regeneration. Methods We used blue (455 nm) and red (638 nm) monochromatic light exposure to investigate the processing of stimuli. Exosomes were prepared by QIAGEN exoEasy Maxi kit and confirmed to be present by transmission electron microscopy and immunoblotting analyses. The proangiogenic activity of blue light-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), when co-cultured with hUC-MSCs, was assessed by EdU (5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine) incorporation, wound closure, and endothelial tube formation assays. The in vivo angiogenic activity of blue light-treated MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exs) was evaluated using both murine matrigel plug and skin wound models. Results We found that 455-nm blue light is effective for promoting proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HUVECs co-cultured with MSCs. Furthermore, MSC-Exs stimulated in vivo angiogenesis and their proangiogenic potential were enhanced significantly upon blue light illumination. Finally, activation of the endothelial cells in response to stimulation by blue light-treated exosomes was demonstrated by upregulation of two miRNAs, miR-135b-5p, and miR-499a-3p. Conclusions Blue (455 nm) light illumination improved the therapeutic effects of hUC-MSC exosomes by enhancing their proangiogenic ability in vitro and in vivo with the upregulation of the following two miRNAs: miR-135b-5p and miR-499a-3p. Graphical abstract

This research explores the structural composition and antioxidant abilities of pectins extracted from Adenophora tetraphylla (Thunb.) Fisch. Pectins, which are a complex group of acidic polysaccharides, exhibit various biological activities due to their unique structural domains. Following aqueous extraction, the pectins underwent sequential purification using ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography techniques. FT-IR and NMR techniques were used to elucidate their structural characteristics. The structural investigation was enhanced through the application of multiple characterization methods: Congo red binding analysis, circular dichroism measurements, and scanning electron microscopy imaging. Among the isolated pectins, WATP-A2b (22.5 kDa) and WATP-A3b (49.8 kDa) demonstrated significant variations in their structural domain organization, comprising different ratios of homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan I, and rhamnogalacturonan II. WATP-A3b displayed the most potent antioxidant performance among the tested pectins, effectively scavenging all three free radical species, which may be correlated with its higher galacturonic acid proportion and substantial rhamnogalacturonan I domain presence. These experimental results provide valuable insights into the correlation between structural characteristics and biological functions of pectins derived from Adenophora tetraphylla and their potential applications in healthcare.

Purpose It is critical to identify putative causal targets for SARS coronavirus 2, which may guide drug repurposing options to reduce the public health burden of COVID-19. Methods We applied complementary methods and multiphased design to pinpoint the most likely causal genes for COVID-19 severity. First, we applied cross-methylome omnibus (CMO) test and leveraged data from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative (HGI) comparing 9,986 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 1,877,672 population controls. Second, we evaluated associations using the complementary S-PrediXcan method and leveraging blood and lung tissue gene expression prediction models. Third, we assessed associations of the identified genes with another COVID-19 phenotype, comparing very severe respiratory confirmed COVID versus population controls. Finally, we applied a fine-mapping method, fine-mapping of gene sets (FOGS), to prioritize putative causal genes. Results Through analyses of the COVID-19 HGI using complementary CMO and S-PrediXcan methods along with fine-mapping, XCR1 , CCR2 , SACM1L , OAS3 , NSF , WNT3 , NAPSA , and IFNAR2 are identified as putative causal genes for COVID-19 severity. Conclusion We identified eight genes at five genomic loci as putative causal genes for COVID-19 severity.

Compatibility between host cells and heterologous pathways is a challenge for constructing organisms with high productivity or gain of function. Designer yeast cells incorporating the Synthetic Chromosome Rearrangement and Modification by LoxP-mediated Evolution (SCRaMbLE) system provide a platform for generating genotype diversity. Here we construct a genetic AND gate to enable precise control of the SCRaMbLE method to generate synthetic haploid and diploid yeast with desired phenotypes. The yield of carotenoids is increased to 1.5-fold by SCRaMbLEing haploid strains and we determine that the deletion of YEL013W is responsible for the increase. Based on the SCRaMbLEing in diploid strains, we develop a strategy called Multiplex SCRaMbLE Iterative Cycling (MuSIC) to increase the production of carotenoids up to 38.8-fold through 5 iterative cycles of SCRaMbLE. This strategy is potentially a powerful tool for increasing the production of bio-based chemicals and for mining deep knowledge. The SCRaMbLE system integrated into Sc2.0’s synthetic yeast chromosome project allows rapid strain evolution. Here the authors use a genetic logic gate to control induction of recombination in a haploid and diploid yeast carrying synthetic chromosomes.