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Despite centuries since the discovery and study of cancer, cancer is still a lethal and intractable health issue worldwide. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have gained much attention as a pivotal component of the tumor microenvironment. The versatility and sophisticated mechanisms of CAFs in facilitating cancer progression have been elucidated extensively, including promoting cancer angiogenesis and metastasis, inducing drug resistance, reshaping the extracellular matrix, and developing an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Owing to their robust tumor-promoting function, CAFs are considered a promising target for oncotherapy. However, CAFs are a highly heterogeneous group of cells. Some subpopulations exert an inhibitory role in tumor growth, which implies that CAF-targeting approaches must be more precise and individualized. This review comprehensively summarize the origin, phenotypical, and functional heterogeneity of CAFs. More importantly, we underscore advances in strategies and clinical trials to target CAF in various cancers, and we also summarize progressions of CAF in cancer immunotherapy.

The Kagome superconductors AV 3 Sb 5 (A = K, Rb, Cs) have received enormous attention due to their nontrivial topological electronic structure, anomalous physical properties and superconductivity. Unconventional charge density wave (CDW) has been detected in AV 3 Sb 5 . High-precision electronic structure determination is essential to understand its origin. Here we unveil electronic nature of the CDW phase in our high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission measurements on KV 3 Sb 5 . We have observed CDW-induced Fermi surface reconstruction and the associated band folding. The CDW-induced band splitting and the associated gap opening have been revealed at the boundary of the pristine and reconstructed Brillouin zones. The Fermi surface- and momentum-dependent CDW gap is measured and the strongly anisotropic CDW gap is observed for all the V-derived Fermi surface. In particular, we have observed signatures of the electron-phonon coupling in KV 3 Sb 5 . These results provide key insights in understanding the nature of the CDW state and its interplay with superconductivity in AV 3 Sb 5 superconductors. The impact of the charge density wave (CDW) state to the electronic structure in the Kagome superconductors A V 3 Sb 5 remains unclear. Here, the authors observe CDW-induced Fermi surface reconstruction with a strongly anisotropic CDW gap and signatures of the electron-phonon coupling for all V-derived bands.

•Limbic and frontoparietal networks had a greater annual aβ accumulation in aging.•The annual aβ accumulation was negatively correlated with functional connectivity.•The aβ propagation over time was accelerated by the connectivity of functional hubs.•Functional brain organization compensates for aβ pathology and propagation in aging. The brain undergoes many changes at pathological and functional levels in healthy aging. This study employed a longitudinal and multimodal imaging dataset from the OASIS-3 study (n = 300) and explored possible relationships between amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation and functional brain organization over time in healthy aging. We used positron emission tomography (PET) with Pittsburgh compound-B (PIB) to quantify the Aβ accumulation in the brain and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) to measure functional connectivity (FC) among brain regions. Each participant had at least 2 to 3 follow-up visits. A linear mixed-effect model was used to examine longitudinal changes of Aβ accumulation and FC throughout the whole brain. We found that the limbic and frontoparietal networks had a greater annual Aβ accumulation and a slower decline in FC in aging. Additionally, the amount of the Aβ deposition in the amygdala network at baseline slowed down the decline in its FC in aging. Furthermore, the functional connectivity of the limbic, default mode network (DMN), and frontoparietal networks accelerated the Aβ propagation across their functionally highly connected regions. The functional connectivity of the somatomotor and visual networks accelerated the Aβ propagation across the brain regions in the limbic, frontoparietal, and DMN networks. These findings suggested that the slower decline in the functional connectivity of the functional hubs may compensate for their greater Aβ accumulation in aging. The Aβ propagation from one brain region to the other may depend on their functional connectivity strength.

With the growing deployment of microgrids, networked microgrids have emerged for their additional advantages of economy, reliability and resilience by coordinating the operation of multiple microgrids. As microgrids are operated with different ownership, objectives and functionalities, the formed networked microgrids show characteristics of mixed ownership, inconsistent objectives and various functionalities. To enable the coordinated operation of networked microgrids, three control structures, i.e., centralized, distributed and decentralized, have been constructed in the literature. However, the data sharing enabling these different paradigms and the resulted value propositions are not well defined, leading to poor resource management and resilience, etc. To solve this issue, a complete comparison of networked microgrid energy management under centralized, distributed and decentralized structures are performed. As a novel contribution, the required minimum data exchange of networked microgrid energy management under three control structures are identified, respectively. The value propositions are calculated and compared against each other by the results of case studies.

The latest discovery of high temperature superconductivity near 80 K in La 3 Ni 2 O 7 under high pressure has attracted much attention. Many proposals are put forth to understand the origin of superconductivity. The determination of electronic structures is a prerequisite to establish theories to understand superconductivity in nickelates but is still lacking. Here we report our direct measurement of the electronic structures of La 3 Ni 2 O 7 by high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The Fermi surface and band structures of La 3 Ni 2 O 7 are observed and compared with the band structure calculations. Strong electron correlations are revealed which are orbital- and momentum-dependent. A flat band is formed from the Ni-3d z 2 orbitals around the zone corner which is ~ 50 meV below the Fermi level and exhibits the strongest electron correlation. In many theoretical proposals, this band is expected to play the dominant role in generating superconductivity in La 3 Ni 2 O 7 . Our observations provide key experimental information to understand the electronic structure and origin of high temperature superconductivity in La 3 Ni 2 O 7 . Recently, superconductivity near 80 K was observed in La3Ni2O7 under high pressure, but the mechanism is debated. Here the authors report angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements under ambient pressure, revealing flat bands with strong electronic correlations that could be linked to superconductivity.

Plant roots and soil microorganisms interact with each other mainly in the rhizosphere. Changes in the community structure of the rhizosphere microbiome are influenced by many factors. In this study, we determined the community structure of rhizosphere bacteria in cotton, and studied the variation of rhizosphere bacterial community structure in different soil types and developmental stages using TM-1, an upland cotton cultivar ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) and Hai 7124, a sea island cotton cultivar ( G. barbadense L.) by high-throughput sequencing technology. Six bacterial phyla were found dominantly in cotton rhizosphere bacterial community including Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. The abundance of Acidobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes and Proteobacteria were largely influenced by cotton root. Bacterial α-diversity in rhizosphere was lower than that of bulk soil in nutrient-rich soil, but higher in cotton continuous cropping field soil. The β-diversity in nutrient-rich soil was greater than that in continuous cropping field soil. The community structure of the rhizosphere bacteria varied significantly during different developmental stages. Our results provided insights into the dynamics of cotton rhizosphere bacterial community and would facilitate to improve cotton growth and development through adjusting soil bacterial community structure artificially.

The unconventional superconductivity associated with iron pnictide materials has been the subject of intense interest. Using an annealing procedure to control the charge-carrier concentration, the behaviour of an FeSe monolayer deposited on SrTiO 3 is now investigated, and indications of superconductivity at temperatures up to 65 K observed. The recent discovery of possible high-temperature superconductivity in single-layer FeSe films 1 , 2 has generated significant experimental and theoretical interest 3 , 4 . In both the cuprate 5 , 6 and the iron-based 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 high-temperature superconductors, superconductivity is induced by doping charge carriers into the parent compound to suppress the antiferromagnetic state. It is therefore important to establish whether the superconductivity observed in the single-layer sheets of FeSe—the essential building blocks of the Fe-based superconductors—is realized by undergoing a similar transition. Here we report the phase diagram for an FeSe monolayer grown on a SrTiO 3 substrate, by tuning the charge carrier concentration over a wide range through an extensive annealing procedure. We identify two distinct phases that compete during the annealing process: the electronic structure of the phase at low doping (N phase) bears a clear resemblance to the antiferromagnetic parent compound of the Fe-based superconductors, whereas the superconducting phase (S phase) emerges with the increase in doping and the suppression of the N phase. By optimizing the carrier concentration, we observe strong indications of superconductivity with a transition temperature of 65±5 K. The wide tunability of the system across different phases makes the FeSe monolayer ideal for investigating not only the physics of superconductivity, but also for studying novel quantum phenomena more generally.

The mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity in the iron-based superconductors remains an outstanding issue in condensed matter physics. The electronic structure plays an essential role in dictating superconductivity. Recent revelation of distinct electronic structure and high-temperature superconductivity in the single-layer FeSe/SrTiO 3 films provides key information on the role of Fermi surface topology and interface in inducing or enhancing superconductivity. Here we report high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission measurements on the electronic structure and superconducting gap of an FeSe-based superconductor, (Li 0.84 Fe 0.16 )OHFe 0.98 Se, with a T c at 41 K. We find that this single-phase bulk superconductor shows remarkably similar electronic behaviours to that of the superconducting single-layer FeSe/SrTiO 3 films in terms of Fermi surface topology, band structure and the gap symmetry. These observations provide new insights in understanding high-temperature superconductivity in the single-layer FeSe/SrTiO 3 films and the mechanism of superconductivity in the bulk iron-based superconductors. The mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity in the iron-based materials remains not fully understood. Here, the authors report on ARPES measurements on an FeSe-based bulk superconductor, whose electronic properties are found to be similar to those of single-layer FeSe/STO films.

Currently, interpretability methods focus more on less objective human-understandable semantics. To objectify and standardize interpretability research, in this study, we provide notions of interpretability based on approximation theory. We first define explainable models in terms of explicitness and then use completeness to define interpretability, thereby turning interpretability into the process of approximating black-box models with interpretable models. In particular, we think that the decision boundary of a classification model is equivalent to its interpretability. Next, we implement this approximation interpretation on multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) and then propose to use the MLP as a universal interpreter to explain other complex black-box models. Compared to the LIME method, which can only extract local linear features, our method is global and therefore termed as GIME. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approaches.

Lateral flow nucleic acid biosensors (LFNABs) have attracted extensive attention due to their rapid turnaround time, low cost, and results that are visible to the naked eye. One of the key steps to develop LFNABs is to prepare DNA–gold nanoparticle (DNA–AuNP) conjugates, which affect the sensitivity of LFNABs significantly. To date, various conjugation methods—including the salt-aging method, microwave-assisted dry heating method, freeze–thaw method, low-pH method, and butanol dehydration method—have been reported to prepare DNA–AuNP conjugates. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the analytical performances of LFNABs prepared with the above five conjugation methods, and we found that the butanol dehydration method gave the lowest detection limit. After systematic optimization, the LFNAB prepared with the butanol dehydration method had a detection limit of 5 pM for single-strand DNA, which is 100 times lower than that of the salt-aging method. The as-prepared LFNAB was applied to detect miRNA-21 in human serum, with satisfactory results. The butanol dehydration method thus offers a rapid conjugation approach to prepare DNA–AuNP conjugates for LFNABs, and it can also be extended to other types of DNA biosensors and biomedical applications.