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"Liu, Jiaqi"
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An artificially-intelligent cornea with tactile sensation enables sensory expansion and interaction
We demonstrate an artificially-intelligent cornea that can assume the functions of the native human cornea such as protection, tactile perception, and light refraction, and possesses sensory expansion and interactive functions. These functions are realized by an artificial corneal reflex arc that is constructed to implement mechanical and light information coding, information processing, and the regulation of transmitted light. Digitally-aligned, long and continuous zinc tin oxide (ZTO) semiconductor fabric patterns were fabricated as the active channels of the artificial synapse, which are non-toxic, heavy-metal-free, low-cost, and ensure superior comprehensive optical properties (transmittance >99.89%, haze <0.36%). Precisely-tuned crystal-phase structures of the ZTO fibers enabled reconfigurable synaptic plasticity, which is applicable to encrypted communication and associative learning. This work suggests new strategies for the tuning of synaptic plasticity and the design of visual neuroprosthetics, and has important implications for the development of neuromorphic electronics and for visual restoration.
Existing artificial corneas can assume partial functions of the human cornea, but sense reconstruction remains a challenge. Qu et al. develop an artificially-intelligent cornea with tactile sensation that enables sensory expansion and interaction.
Journal Article
Alkyne-tagged SERS nanoprobe for understanding Cu+ and Cu2+ conversion in cuproptosis processes
Simultaneously quantifying mitochondrial Cu
+
and Cu
2+
levels is crucial for evaluating the molecular mechanisms of copper accumulation-involved pathological processes. Here, a series of molecules containing various diacetylene derivatives as Raman reporters are designed and synthesized, and the alkyne-tagged SERS probe is created for determination Cu
+
and Cu
2+
with high selectivity and sensitivity. The developed SERS probe generates well-separated distinguishable Raman fingerprint peaks with built-in corrections in the cellular silent region, resulting in accurate quantification of Cu
+
and Cu
2+
. The present probe demonstrates high tempo-spatial resolution for real-time imaging and simultaneously quantifying mitochondrial Cu
+
and Cu
2+
with long-term stability benefiting from the probe assembly with designed Au-C≡C groups. Using this powerful tool, it is found that mitochondrial Cu
+
and Cu
2+
increase during ischemia are associated with breakdown of proteins containing copper as well as conversion of Cu
+
and Cu
2+
. Meanwhile, we observe that parts of Cu
+
and Cu
2+
are transported out of neurons by ATPase. More importantly, cuproptosis in neurons is found including the oxidative stress process caused by the conversion of Cu
+
to Cu
2+
, which dominates at the early stage (<9 h), and subsequent proteotoxic stress. Both oxidative and proteotoxic stresses contribute to neuronal death.
Simultaneously quantifying mitochondrial Cu
+
and Cu
2+
levels is vital for understanding the molecular mechanism of mitochondria-related biological events. Here the authors report an alkynyl-labeled SERS probe to simultaneously monitor free Cu
+
and Cu
2+
in mitochondria, and unveil their roles during ischemia and cuproptosis processes.
Journal Article
Mammalian-brain-inspired neuromorphic motion-cognition nerve achieves cross-modal perceptual enhancement
Perceptual enhancement of neural and behavioral response due to combinations of multisensory stimuli are found in many animal species across different sensory modalities. By mimicking the multisensory integration of ocular-vestibular cues for enhanced spatial perception in macaques, a bioinspired motion-cognition nerve based on a flexible multisensory neuromorphic device is demonstrated. A fast, scalable and solution-processed fabrication strategy is developed to prepare a nanoparticle-doped two-dimensional (2D)-nanoflake thin film, exhibiting superior electrostatic gating capability and charge-carrier mobility. The multi-input neuromorphic device fabricated using this thin film shows history-dependent plasticity, stable linear modulation, and spatiotemporal integration capability. These characteristics ensure parallel, efficient processing of bimodal motion signals encoded as spikes and assigned with different perceptual weights. Motion-cognition function is realized by classifying the motion types using mean firing rates of encoded spikes and postsynaptic current of the device. Demonstrations of recognition of human activity types and drone flight modes reveal that the motion-cognition performance match the bio-plausible principles of perceptual enhancement by multisensory integration. Our system can be potentially applied in sensory robotics and smart wearables.
Inspired by the multisensory cue integration in macaque’s brain for spatial perception, the authors develop a neuromorphic motion-cognition nerve that achieves cross-modal perceptual enhancement for robotics and wearable applications.
Journal Article
India-Asia collision as a driver of atmospheric CO2 in the Cenozoic
Deep Earth degassing is a critical forcing factor for atmospheric CO
2
variations and palaeoclimate changes in Earth’s history. For the Cenozoic, the key driving mechanism of atmospheric CO
2
variations remains controversial. Here we analyse three stages of collision-related magmatism in Tibet, which correspond temporally with the three major stages of atmospheric CO
2
variations in the Cenozoic and explore the possibility of a causal link between these phenomena. To this end we present geochemical data for the three stages of magmatic rocks in Tibet, which we use to inform a model calculating the continental collision-induced CO
2
emission flux associated with the evolving Neo-Tethyan to continental subduction over the Cenozoic. The correlation between our modelled CO
2
emission rates and the global atmospheric CO
2
curve is consistent with the hypothesis that the India-Asia collision was the primary driver of changes in atmospheric CO
2
over the Cenozoic.
“Earth degassing is a critical carbon source, but its contribution to Cenozoic atmospheric CO
2
variations is not well known. Here, the authors analyse CO
2
fluxes on the Tibetan Plateau and suggest that the India-Asia collision was the primary driver of changes in atmospheric CO
2
over the past 65 Ma.”
Journal Article
Touchless interactive teaching of soft robots through flexible bimodal sensory interfaces
In this paper, we propose a multimodal flexible sensory interface for interactively teaching soft robots to perform skilled locomotion using bare human hands. First, we develop a flexible bimodal smart skin (FBSS) based on triboelectric nanogenerator and liquid metal sensing that can perform simultaneous tactile and touchless sensing and distinguish these two modes in real time. With the FBSS, soft robots can react on their own to tactile and touchless stimuli. We then propose a distance control method that enabled humans to teach soft robots movements via bare hand-eye coordination. The results showed that participants can effectively teach a self-reacting soft continuum manipulator complex motions in three-dimensional space through a “shifting sensors and teaching” method within just a few minutes. The soft manipulator can repeat the human-taught motions and replay them at different speeds. Finally, we demonstrate that humans can easily teach the soft manipulator to complete specific tasks such as completing a pen-and-paper maze, taking a throat swab, and crossing a barrier to grasp an object. We envision that this user-friendly, non-programmable teaching method based on flexible multimodal sensory interfaces could broadly expand the domains in which humans interact with and utilize soft robots.
Soft robots are challenging to model and program. Non-specialists face non-negligible obstacles when working with soft robots to perform tasks. Here, the authors propose a method to interactively teach soft robots complex motions through flexible touchless and tactile multimodal sensors.
Journal Article
Free-electron lasing at 27 nanometres based on a laser wakefield accelerator
X-ray free-electron lasers can generate intense and coherent radiation at wavelengths down to the sub-ångström region
1
–
5
, and have become indispensable tools for applications in structural biology and chemistry, among other disciplines
6
. Several X-ray free-electron laser facilities are in operation
2
–
5
; however, their requirement for large, high-cost, state-of-the-art radio-frequency accelerators has led to great interest in the development of compact and economical accelerators. Laser wakefield accelerators can sustain accelerating gradients more than three orders of magnitude higher than those of radio-frequency accelerators
7
–
10
, and are regarded as an attractive option for driving compact X-ray free-electron lasers
11
. However, the realization of such devices remains a challenge owing to the relatively poor quality of electron beams that are based on a laser wakefield accelerator. Here we present an experimental demonstration of undulator radiation amplification in the exponential-gain regime by using electron beams based on a laser wakefield accelerator. The amplified undulator radiation, which is typically centred at 27 nanometres and has a maximum photon number of around 10
10
per shot, yields a maximum radiation energy of about 150 nanojoules. In the third of three undulators in the device, the maximum gain of the radiation power is approximately 100-fold, confirming a successful operation in the exponential-gain regime. Our results constitute a proof-of-principle demonstration of free-electron lasing using a laser wakefield accelerator, and pave the way towards the development of compact X-ray free-electron lasers based on this technology with broad applications.
Lasing in the extreme-ultraviolet range is demonstrated using a laser wakefield accelerator, as a step towards compact X-ray free-electron lasers.
Journal Article
Virtual Power Plant with Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage Systems for Sustainable Power Grid-Formation, Control Techniques and Demand Response
As the climate crisis worsens, power grids are gradually transforming into a more sustainable state through renewable energy sources (RESs), energy storage systems (ESSs), and smart loads. Virtual power plants (VPP) are an emerging concept that can flexibly integrate distributed energy resources (DERs), managing manage the power output of each DER unit, as well as the power consumption of loads, to balance electricity supply and demand in real time. VPPs can participate in energy markets, enable self-scheduling of RESs, facilitate energy trading and sharing, and provide demand-side frequency control ancillary services (D-FCAS) to enhance the stability of the system frequency. As a result, studies considering VPPs have become the focus of recent energy research, with the purpose of reducing the uncertainty resulting from RESs distributed in the power grid and improving technology related to energy management system (EMS). However, comprehensive reviews of VPPs considering their formation, control techniques, and D-FCAS are still lacking in the literature. Therefore, this paper aims to provide a thorough overview of state-of-the-art VPP technologies for building sustainable power grids in the future. The review mainly considers the development of VPPs, the information transmission and control methods among DERs and loads in VPPs, as well as the relevant technologies for providing D-FCAS from VPPs. This review paper describes the significant economic, social, and environmental benefits of VPPs, as well as the technological advancements, challenges, and possible future research directions in VPP research.
Journal Article
Neuromorphic antennal sensory system
Insect antennae facilitate the nuanced detection of vibrations and deflections, and the non-contact perception of magnetic or chemical stimuli, capabilities not found in mammalian skin. Here, we report a neuromorphic antennal sensory system that emulates the structural, functional, and neuronal characteristics of ant antennae. Our system comprises electronic antennae sensor with three-dimensional flexible structures that detects tactile and magnetic stimuli. The integration of artificial synaptic devices adsorbed with solution-processable MoS
2
nanoflakes enables synaptic processing of sensory information. By emulating the architecture of receptor-neuron pathway, our system realizes hardware-level, spatiotemporal perception of tactile contact, surface pattern, and magnetic field (detection limits: 1.3 mN, 50 μm, 9.4 mT). Vibrotactile-perception tasks involving profile and texture classifications were accomplished with high accuracy (> 90%), surpassing human performance in “blind” tactile explorations. Magneto-perception tasks including magnetic navigation and touchless interaction were successfully completed. Our work represents a milestone for neuromorphic sensory systems and biomimetic perceptual intelligence.
Artificial sensory systems are often limited in structure and functionality. Here, Jiang et al. report a neuromorphic antennal sensory system that achieves spatiotemporal perception of vibrotactile and magnetic stimuli, showcasing biomimetic perceptual intelligence.
Journal Article
Visualized in-sensor computing
In artificial nervous systems, conductivity changes indicate synaptic weight updates, but they provide limited information compared to living organisms. We present the pioneering design and production of an electrochromic neuromorphic transistor employing color updates to represent synaptic weight for in-sensor computing. Here, we engineer a specialized mechanism for adaptively regulating ion doping through an ion-exchange membrane, enabling precise control over color-coded synaptic weight, an unprecedented achievement. The electrochromic neuromorphic transistor not only enhances electrochromatic capabilities for hardware coding but also establishes a visualized pattern-recognition network. Integrating the electrochromic neuromorphic transistor with an artificial whisker, we simulate a bionic reflex system inspired by the longicorn beetle, achieving real-time visualization of signal flow within the reflex arc in response to environmental stimuli. This research holds promise in extending the biomimetic coding paradigm and advancing the development of bio-hybrid interfaces, particularly in incorporating color-based expressions.
The communication of colour information stands as one of the most immediate and widespread methods of interaction among biological entities. Xu et al. report an electrochromic neuromorphic transistor employing color updates to represent synaptic weight for real-time visualised in-sensor computing.
Journal Article