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Faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) is an important food legume crop. Salinity soils severely constrain the production of faba bean, however, the seed germination of faba bean, which is a vital plant growth stage, is sensitive to salinity. Planting improved varieties of faba bean, which exhibit salt tolerance in seed germination stage, is an optimal strategy for faba bean product. To investigate the genes dynamics during the seed germination stage under salinity, RNA-seq method was used to investigate genome-wide transcription profiles of two faba bean varieties with contrast salt-tolerance during the seed germination. A total of 4,486 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among the comparison of salt-tolerant variety Y134 and salt-sensitive variety Y078 treated with salinity or not. Of these, 1,410 candidate DEGs were identified as salt-stress response genes. Furthermore, 623 DEGs were identified as variety-specific response gene during seed germination at 16 h or 24 h with salt treatment. Based on the pathway enrichment according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database (KEGG), these DEGs involving in cell wall loosening (e.g., xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase, chitinase, and expansin), hormone metabolism (e.g., LEA genes, genes associated with ABA or ethylene signal pathway), chromatin remodeling (e.g., chromatin structure proteins, LHP1), small interfering RNA pathway, etc., were significantly up-regulated in salt-tolerance variety with salt treatment, indicating that they play critical roles in regulation of seed germination. The results indicated that a clearer mechanism of gene regulation that regulates the seed germination responding to salinity in faba bean. These findings are helpful to increase the understanding of the salt tolerance mechanism of crops during seed germination, and provide valuable genetic resource for the breeding of salt-tolerant faba bean varieties in future.

Adzuki bean is an important legume crop due to its high-quality protein, fiber, vitamins, minerals as well as rich bioactive substances. However, it is vulnerable to drought at the germination stage. However, little information is available about the genetic control of drought tolerance during seed germination in adzuki bean. In this study, some differential expression proteins (DEPs) were identified during seed germination between the drought-tolerant variety 17235 and drought-sensitive variety 17033 in adzuki bean using iTRAQ method. A total of 2834 proteins were identified in the germinating seeds of these two adzuki beans. Compared with the variety 17033, 87 and 80 DEPs were increased and decreased accumulation in variety 17235 under drought, respectively. Meanwhile, in the control group, a few DEPs, including 9 up-regulated and 21 down-regulated proteins, were detected in variety 17235, respectively. GO, KEGG, and PPI analysis revealed that the DEPs related to carbohydrate metabolism and energy production were significantly increased in response to drought stresses. To validate the proteomic function, the ectopic overexpression of V-ATPase in tobacco was performed and the result showed that V-ATPase upregulation could enhance the drought tolerance of tobacco. The results provide valuable insights into genetic response to drought stress in adzuki bean, and the DEPs could be applied to develop biomarkers related to drought tolerant in adzuki bean breeding projects.

In 2.5D/3D stacked advanced packaging, thermal conductive silicone adhesives are widely employed to achieve structural bonding and efficient heat dissipation. In this study, one thermal conductive silicone adhesive was prepared using medium viscosity vinyl silicone oil, hydrogen-containing silicone oil, and micron-sized alumina powder as the primary components. The results demonstrated that the adhesive exhibited excellent thermal and mechanical performance. Specifically, its thermal decomposition temperature exceeded 400 °C, the thermal conductivity reached over 1.80 W·m−1·K−1, and the thermal resistance was below 12.0 °C·cm2·W−1. The shear strength exceeded 5.00 MPa. Furthermore, after exposure to an unbiased highly accelerated stress test for 384 h, 1000 thermal cycles, and thermal aging for 1000 h, the adhesive maintained stable thermal conductivity and mechanical properties. The thermal conductivity remained above 1.70 W·m−1·K−1, and the shear strength remained higher than 5.00 MPa. In addition, the tensile modulus was maintained below 100 MPa, and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion was less than 160 ppm·°C−1. Overall, the comprehensive performance of the adhesive satisfies the reliability requirements for advanced packaging substrates and heat dissipation lid assemblies.

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are essential for addressing heat dissipation challenges in high-performance electronic devices. Among various TIMs, thermal conductive gels exhibit significant potential in high heat flux applications due to their excellent flexibility and superior gap-filling capability. Current research primarily concentrates on the fabrication and performance characterization of novel thermal conductive gels, while comparatively little attention has been devoted to the optimization of processing parameters. Furthermore, existing characterization methods often fail to accurately replicate real-world operating conditions, resulting in discrepancies between laboratory measurements and actual performance. An orthogonal experimental design was adopted to systematically elucidate the influence of filler ratio, wetting time, and silicone oil viscosity on the bonding strength of thermal conductive gels. The filler ratio exerts the most significant influence, followed by silicone oil viscosity and wetting time. Subsequently, the thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of both commercial thermal conductive gels and the as-prepared gels were characterized using the steady-state heat flow method and the double-interface method, respectively. Under the optimized preparation conditions (filler ratio of 88%, silicone oil viscosity of 600 cP, and wetting time of 14 h), the self-developed thermal conductive gel exhibits a thermal conductivity of 3.75 W·m−1·K−1 and a bonding strength of 0.248 MPa, outperforming commercial counterparts and demonstrating promising application potential. It was further concluded, through comparisons of curing rheology and long-term reliability evolution with commercial counterparts, that the self-developed thermal conductive gel possesses enhanced stability and reliability. This study provides a practical reference for the development and engineering application of high thermal conductivity, low thermal resistance gels.

Mungbean is a warm-season annual food legume and plays important role in supplying food and nutritional security in many tropical countries. However, the genetic basis of its agronomic traits remains poorly understood. Therefore, we resequenced 558 Chinese mungbean landraces and produced a comprehensive map of mungbean genomic variation. We phenotyped all landraces in six different environments. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) produced 110 signals significantly associated with nine agronomic traits, for which several candidate genes were identified. Overall, this study provides new insight into the genetic architecture of mungbean agronomic traits. Moreover, the genome-wide variations identified here should be valuable resources for future breeding studies of this important food legume.

To learn more about the nutritional composition and health benefits for human consumers of peas, we used a widely targeted metabolomics-based approach to reveal the metabolite components from three main varieties, and a total of 1095 metabolites were identified. A comparison of 487 differentially accumulated metabolites shared among three varieties of fresh and dried peas found most of the amino acids and derivatives were downregulated and most of the lipids and flavonoids were upregulated in dried peas. Furthermore, comparing the main nutrient profiles exclusively showed that there were few differences in free fatty acids, sugars, vitamins, and alkaloids between dried and fresh peas. Peas are especially enriched with B-group vitamins. Through detailed identification and classification, the flavonoid pathway of peas was revealed; a variety of glycosylated derivatives from kaempferol, quercetin, and luteolin were confirmed to be abundant in peas. It was also found that isoflavones are richer in peas than in many other plants, and putatively the isoflavone synthesis pathway originates from liquiritigenin and naringenin. Our study not only offers guidance for understanding the nutritional components of peas, but also provides the basis for healthy diet analysis of the edible value and health benefits of peas.

Nowadays, the application of a UAV swarm is becoming more and more widespread in the military field, and more and more attention is paid to the security of mission resource allocation. However, the relay node forwarding in the wireless transmission process brings greater risks to data leakage, and the computing power and energy of the UAV consumption is limited, so a lighter solution is required. This paper proposes a mechanism for the safe allocation of UAV swarm mission resources based on random labels. Each task has a random label to solve the problem of database security and wireless transmission security in the process of UAV task assignment. Furthermore, a lightweight stream cipher encryption scheme is illustrated to ensure the security of the UAV database. The irreversible hash function SHA-256 and the lightweight foam structure hash function SPONGENT-128 are used to generate random labels and then allocate task resources. In the case of energy consumption, it reduces the possibility of the enemy successfully obtaining private data. The simulation results show that the scheme has good performance in terms of security and has better performance than existing methods in terms of throughput and delay, without increasing too much energy consumption.

The effect of ball milling process, co-doped seed and two step sintering technique on the properties of sol–gel derived alumina abrasive sintered at low temperature was investigated. The results showed that ball milling time with 10 h can be effective in enhancing the activity of the precursor and the microstructural uniformity of sintered alumina abrasive. A small amount of Al 2 O 3 –(NH 4 ) 3 AlF 6 co-doped seed addition had potential synergistic effects for reducing α-Al 2 O 3 phase transformation temperature and improving the mechanical property of alumina abrasive. A remarkable suppression of grain growth was achieved by controlling sintering temperature with two-step sintering method. Therefore, by using ball milling process, co-doping α-Al 2 O 3 –(NH 4 ) 3 AlF 6 seed and two-step sintering technique, the sol–gel derived uniform nanocrystalline alumina abrasive is easily achieved at low temperature. Nanocrystalline alumina abrasive prepared at these conditions exhibited excellent mechanical properties and wear resistance compared to fused corundum abrasive and those sol–gel derived corundum abrasive with conventional sintering methods.

According to Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era, Jian Zhang was dispatched to the Western Region in the Western Han Dynasty, he obtained faba bean seeds there and then returned to his homeland, thereby the variety was introduced to China, which has been more than 2 000 years of history up to now112I. Analytical methods All statistical data were the mean of field characters of the planting area of each material, the statistical analyses on the agronomic traits including growth period, plant height, effective branching number per plant, pods per plant, beans per pod, 100-bean weight and yield per plant, and the mean, standard deviation and variable coefficient[7_81 of quality characters including crude protein, total starch and amylose were carried out using Excel (Microsoft office, 2003). Based on the analysis of the variation degree of each quality character, we can draw a conclusion that the variable coefficients of crude protein, total starch and amylose were 5.8%, 5.3% and 10.4%, respectively. [...]the content of amylose had higher degree of variation in these quality characters of all germplasms. The faba bean germplasms of Hubei were sensitive to bean aphid, there were 141 faba bean germplasms having high sensibility to aphid, which accounted for 88.1% of the identified germplasms. [...]the resistance to diseases and pests of faba bean germplasms in Hubei Province was poor, which should be paid attention to by breeding workers in breeding new faba bean varieties in Hubei.