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Postmenopausal breast cancer (PMBC) is the most commonly diagnosed and the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the US. Research examining the association between PMBC and education level has been inconsistent; no study in the US has examined how educational level impacts PMBC mortality in Asian American women, a largely immigrant population with above-average educational attainment. California Vital Statistics data from 2012-2017 were analyzed to derive age-adjusted mortality rate ratios (MRRs) by education level (associates degree or above referred to as \"higher education\", high school, less than high school) and race [Non-Hispanic White (NHW), Asian/Pacific Islander (Asian), and its two largest subpopulations: Chinese and Filipino] from negative binomial regression models. PMBC mortality for both NHWs and Asians was greater among women with higher education compared to those who did not complete high school: NHWs had 22% higher PMBC mortality (MRR 1.22; 95% CI: 1.14-1.31) and Asians had 2.6 times greater PMBC mortality (MRR 2.64; 95% CI: 2.32-3.00) than their counterparts who did not complete high school. Asians in the lowest education level had 70% lower mortality than NHWs (MRR 0.30; 95% CI: 0.27-0.34). This mortality advantage among Asians was greatly reduced to only 27% lower among the highest educated (MRR 0.73; 95% CI: 0.68-0.78). For higher educated Filipina women, no mortality advantage was evident compared to NHWs (MRR 0.96; 95% CI: 0.88-1.05). PMBC mortality for higher educated Asian women is elevated in comparison to their counterparts with less education. Given that PMBC survival is greater among those with higher education, our findings strongly suggest an excess in the incidence of PMBC (more than double) among higher educated Asian women; this warrants more research into potentially modifiable causes of PMBC in this burgeoning population.

Background Heterogeneous Black populations encounter significant obstacles in accessing cancer care, yet research on lung cancer treatment disparities remains limited. This study investigates whether the disparity in receiving curative‐intent treatment (curative‐intent surgery and/or stereotactic body radiation therapy [SBRT]) for early‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) between non‐Hispanic Whites (NHWs) and total Blacks extends to diverse Black populations, including US‐born, Afro‐Haitian, West Indian Black, and Hispanic Black individuals. Methods This cross‐sectional study included all Florida cancer registry early‐stage NSCLC cases 2005–2017, linked to individual‐level discharge data containing comorbidity and specific treatment details (surgery and/or SBRT). Multivariable logistic regression assessed the association between race/ethnicity and the receipt of curative‐intent treatment, while accounting for sociodemographic factors (poverty, age, insurance, and smoking status) and clinical variables. Results Among 55,655 early‐stage NSCLC patients, 71.1% received curative‐intent treatment: 72.1% NHW and 59.7% Black (non‐Hispanic and Hispanic) individuals. Black patients had 35% lower odds (ORadj, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.59–0.70) of receiving curative‐intent treatment compared to NHW patients. ORs varied from 0.57 (95% CI, 0.59–0.70) for Hispanic Black to 0.76 (95% CI, 0.56–1.02) for West Indian Black. Remarkably, Black‐White disparities persisted despite the availability of curative treatment options (SBRT) for both high Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) observed among US‐born Blacks and surgery for low CCI patients among all other Black subgroups. Conclusions Pronounced disparities in accessing curative‐intent treatments for early‐stage NSCLC were evident across all Black subgroups, regardless of treatment availability and comorbidity profile. These findings underscore the need to address Black heterogeneity and prompt further research to rectify treatment disparities in early‐stage NSCLC.

Background Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a malignant bone tumor most commonly affecting non‐Hispanic White (NHW) adolescent males, though recognition among Hispanic individuals is rising. Prior population‐based studies in the United States (US), utilizing Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) have shown higher all‐cause mortality among White Hispanics, Blacks, and those of low socioeconomic status (SES). Florida is not part of SEER but is home to unique Hispanic populations including Cubans, Puerto Ricans, South Americans that contrasts with the Mexican Hispanic majority in other US states. This study aimed to assess racial/ethnic disparities on incidence and survival outcomes among this diverse Florida patient population. Methodology Our study examined all patients diagnosed with osseous ES (2005–2018) in Florida (n = 411) based on the state's population‐based cancer registry dataset. Florida Age‐adjusted Incidence Rates (AAIRs) were computed by sex and race‐ethnicity and compared to the equivalent populations in SEER. Cause‐specific survival disparities among Florida patients were examined using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Univariable and multivariable analyses using Cox regression were performed for race/ethnicity, with adjustment for age, sex, year of diagnosis, site of disease, staging, SES, and insurance type. Results There was a significantly higher incidence of osseous ES in Florida Hispanic males (AAIR 2.6/1,000,000); (95% CI: 2.0–3.2 per 1,000,000; n = 84) compared to the SEER Hispanic males (AAIR 1.2/1,000,000;1.1–1.4 per 1,000,000; n = 382). Older age, distant metastasis, lack of chemotherapy or surgical resection were statistically significant determinants of poor survival while SES, insurance status and race‐ethnicity were not. However, among nonmetastatic ES, Florida Hispanics had an increased risk of death compared to Florida NHW (adjusted Hazard Ratio 2.32; 95%CI: 1.20–4.46; p = 0.012). Conclusions Florida Hispanic males have a higher‐than‐expected incidence of osseous ES compared to the US. Hispanics of both sexes show remarkably worse survival for nonmetastatic disease compared to NHW. This disparity is likely multifactorial and requires further in‐depth studies.

PurposeIncreased nocturia episodes can be a clinical marker of poor health status. The present study aimed to evaluate patterns and temporal trends in nocturia and sociodemographic and lifestyle correlates in the US population.MethodsParticipants, aged 20 years or older, were included in this repeated cross-sectional study. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2005 to 2016 was used. Participants were asked “During the past 30 days, how many times per night did you most typically get up to urinate, from the time you went to bed at night until the time you got up in the morning?”. Individuals were categorized as either ≥ 1 nocturia episode or ≥ 2 nocturia episodes per night.ResultsThe estimated prevalence of ≥ 1 nocturia was high among men (20–39 years, 56.8%; 40–59 years, 70.2%; ≥ 60 years, 82.7%) and women (20–39 years, 68.9%; 40–59 years, 74.3%; ≥ 60 years, 84.7%), particularly in Non-Hispanic-blacks. From 2005–2016, the trends in prevalence of ≥ 1 nocturia increased for the age groups 20–39 and 40–59 years among men (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively) and women 20–39 and 40–59 years (p < 0.001 and p = 0.032, respectively), but a stable trend was observed among men and women who were 60 years and older (p = 0.814, and p = 0.64, respectively). A significant increasing trend of ≥ 2 nocturia episodes was observed among men only aged 40–59 years (p = 0.007).ConclusionsFrom 2005 through 2016, the secular trend in the frequency of nocturia increased in both men and women in general, which was significant under the age of 60 years, particularly in Non-Hispanic-blacks.

A p-i-n junction diode constructed by the locally doped network of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) was investigated. In this diode, the two opposite ends of the SWNT-network channel were selectively doped by triethyloxonium hexachloroantimonate (OA) and polyethylenimine (PEI) to obtain the air-stable p- and n-type SWNTs respectively while the central area of the SWNT-network remained intrinsic state, resulting in the formation of a p-i-n junction with a strong built-in electronic field in the SWNTs. The results showed that the forward current and the rectification ratio of the diode increased as the doping degree increased. The forward current of the device could also be increased by decreasing the channel length. A high-performance p-i-n junction diode with a high rectification ratio (~10 4 ), large forward current (~12.2 μA) and low reverse saturated current (~1.8 nA) was achieved with the OA and PEI doping time of 5 h and 18 h for a channel length of ~6 μm.

Without a cure, dementia affects about 50 million people worldwide. Understanding the effects of dietary habits, a key lifestyle behavior, on memory impairment is critical to inform early behavioral modification to delay further memory loss and progression to dementia. We examined the associations of total energy intake and energy intake from macronutrients with memory impairment among older US adults using data from the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey study 2011–2014. A total of 3623 participants aged ≥60 years were analyzed. Comparing to those with low total energy intake, individuals with high intake were more likely to have severe memory impairment (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.15 to 2.02; ptrend = 0.005). Specifically, higher energy intake from carbohydrate (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.12 to 2.26) and sugar (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.11 to 2.16) were both significantly associated with the presence of memory impairment. Additionally, higher energy intake from fat, carbohydrate and sugar were significantly associated with more server memory impairment (fat: ptrend = 0.04; carbohydrate: ptrend = 0.03; sugar: ptrend = 0.02). High energy intake, either total or from carbohydrates, fat or sugar, is associated with memory impairment severity in the older US population. No such association was found in energy intake from protein.

Postmenopausal breast cancer (PMBC) is the most commonly diagnosed and the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the US. Research examining the association between PMBC and education level has been inconsistent; no study in the US has examined how educational level impacts PMBC mortality in Asian American women, a largely immigrant population with above-average educational attainment. California Vital Statistics data from 2012-2017 were analyzed to derive age-adjusted mortality rate ratios (MRRs) by education level (associates degree or above referred to as \"higher education\", high school, less than high school) and race [Non-Hispanic White (NHW), Asian/Pacific Islander (Asian), and its two largest subpopulations: Chinese and Filipino] from negative binomial regression models. PMBC mortality for both NHWs and Asians was greater among women with higher education compared to those who did not complete high school: NHWs had 22% higher PMBC mortality (MRR 1.22; 95% CI: 1.14-1.31) and Asians had 2.6 times greater PMBC mortality (MRR 2.64; 95% CI: 2.32-3.00) than their counterparts who did not complete high school. Asians in the lowest education level had 70% lower mortality than NHWs (MRR 0.30; 95% CI: 0.27-0.34). This mortality advantage among Asians was greatly reduced to only 27% lower among the highest educated (MRR 0.73; 95% CI: 0.68-0.78). For higher educated Filipina women, no mortality advantage was evident compared to NHWs (MRR 0.96; 95% CI: 0.88-1.05). PMBC mortality for higher educated Asian women is elevated in comparison to their counterparts with less education. Given that PMBC survival is greater among those with higher education, our findings strongly suggest an excess in the incidence of PMBC (more than double) among higher educated Asian women; this warrants more research into potentially modifiable causes of PMBC in this burgeoning population.

Postmenopausal breast cancer (PMBC) is the most commonly diagnosed and the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the US. Research examining the association between PMBC and education level has been inconsistent; no study in the US has examined how educational level impacts PMBC mortality in Asian American women, a largely immigrant population with above-average educational attainment. California Vital Statistics data from 2012-2017 were analyzed to derive age-adjusted mortality rate ratios (MRRs) by education level (associates degree or above referred to as \"higher education\", high school, less than high school) and race [Non-Hispanic White (NHW), Asian/Pacific Islander (Asian), and its two largest subpopulations: Chinese and Filipino] from negative binomial regression models. PMBC mortality for both NHWs and Asians was greater among women with higher education compared to those who did not complete high school: NHWs had 22% higher PMBC mortality (MRR 1.22; 95% CI: 1.14-1.31) and Asians had 2.6 times greater PMBC mortality (MRR 2.64; 95% CI: 2.32-3.00) than their counterparts who did not complete high school. Asians in the lowest education level had 70% lower mortality than NHWs (MRR 0.30; 95% CI: 0.27-0.34). This mortality advantage among Asians was greatly reduced to only 27% lower among the highest educated (MRR 0.73; 95% CI: 0.68-0.78). For higher educated Filipina women, no mortality advantage was evident compared to NHWs (MRR 0.96; 95% CI: 0.88-1.05). PMBC mortality for higher educated Asian women is elevated in comparison to their counterparts with less education. Given that PMBC survival is greater among those with higher education, our findings strongly suggest an excess in the incidence of PMBC (more than double) among higher educated Asian women; this warrants more research into potentially modifiable causes of PMBC in this burgeoning population.

Background Previous studies have observed inconsistent associations between birth weight and aggressive prostate cancer risk. This study aimed to prospectively analyse this association in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS). Methods Birth weight was self-reported in 1994, and prostate cancer diagnoses were assessed biennially through January 2017 and confirmed by medical record review. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the association between birth weight and prostate cancer risk and mortality. Results Among 19,889 eligible men, 2520 were diagnosed with prostate cancer, including 643 with higher-grade/advanced stage, 296 with lethal, and 248 with fatal disease. Overall, no association was observed for increasing birth weight with risk of overall prostate cancer, lower-grade, and organ-confined disease. However, a borderline statistically significant positive trend was observed for increasing birth weight with risk of higher-grade and/or advanced-stage prostate cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [HR adj ] per pound: 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99–1.11; P -trend = 0.08), but no associations were observed with risk of lethal or fatal disease (HR adj : 0.99, 95% CI: 0.91–1.08; P -trend = 0.83; and HR adj : 0.99, 95% CI: 0.90–1.08; P -trend = 0.82, respectively). Conclusion No consistent associations were observed between birth weight and prostate cancer risk or mortality in this 22-year prospective cohort study.

A p-i-n junction diode based on the selectively doped single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) had been investigated, in which two opposite ends of individual SWCNT channel were doped into the p- and n-type SWCNT respectively while the middle segment of SWCNT was kept as the intrinsic. The symmetric and asymmetric contacts were used to fabricate the p-i-n junction diodes respectively and studied the effect of the contact on the device characteristics. It was shown that a low reverse saturation current of ~20 pA could be achieved by these both diodes. We found that the use of the asymmetric contact can effectively improve the performance of the p-i-n diode, with the rectification ratio enhanced from ~10 2 for the device with the Au/Au symmetric contact to >10 3 for the one with the Pd/Al asymmetric contact. The improvement of the device performance by the asymmetric-contact structure was attributed to the decrease of the effective Schottky-barrier height at the contacts under forward bias, increasing the forward current of the diode. The p-i-n diode with asymmetric contact also had a higher rectification ratio than its counterpart before doping the SWCNT channel, which is because that the p-i-n junction in the device decreased the reverse saturated current.