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This book is ideal for practicing engineers working in design or packaging at LED companies and graduate students preparing for work in industry. This book also provides a helpful introduction for advanced undergraduates, graduates, researchers, lighting designers, and product managers interested in the fundamentals of LED design and production.

\"...unearths the mysteries of the Mawangdui (mah-wahng-dway) tombs, one of China's top archaeological finds of the last century. Miniature servants, mysterious silk paintings, scrolls of long-lost secrets, and the best preserved mummy in the world (the body of Lady Dai) are just some of the artifacts that shed light upon life in China during the Han dynasty.\"--Amazon.com.

Inspired by the relevance between the asymmetric coupling amplitude and the imaginary gauge field, we construct the counterpart of the non-Hermitian SSH model. The idea is the nonzero imaginary magnetic flux vanishing when the boundary condition changes from periodic to open. The zero imaginary magnetic flux of the counterpart leads to the eliminating of the non-Hermitian skin effect and the non-Hermitian Aharonov–Bohm effect which ensures the recovery of the conventional bulk-boundary correspondence from the non-Bloch bulk-boundary correspondence. We explain how some the non-Hermitian models can be transformed to the non-Hermitian SSH models and how the non-reciprocal hopping in the non-Hermitian SSH models can be transformed from one term to the other terms by the similarity transformations. We elaborate why the effective imaginary magnetic flux disappears due to the interplay of the non-reciprocal hoppings in the partner of the non-Hermitian SSH model. As the results, we obtain the topological invariants of the non-Hermitian SSH model in analytical form defined in conventional Brillouin zone. The non-Hermitian SSH model in domain configuration on a chain is discussed with this method. The technique gives an alternative way to study the topological properties of non-Hermitian systems.

Metastasis is a major contributor to cancer-associated deaths. It is characterized by a multistep process that occurs through the acquisition of molecular and phenotypic changes enabling cancer cells from a primary tumour to disseminate and colonize at distant organ sites. Over the past decade, the discovery and characterization of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have revealed the diversity of their regulatory roles, including key contributions throughout the metastatic cascade. Here, we review how lncRNAs promote metastasis by functioning in discrete pro-metastatic steps including the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, invasion and migration and organotrophic colonization, and by influencing the metastatic tumour microenvironment, often by interacting within ribonucleoprotein complexes or directly with other nucleic acid entities. We discuss well-characterized lncRNAs with in vivo phenotypes and highlight mechanistic commonalities such as convergence with the TGFβ–ZEB1/ZEB2 axis or the nuclear factor-κB pathway, in addition to lncRNAs with controversial mechanisms and the influence of methodologies on mechanistic interpretation. Furthermore, some lncRNAs can help identify tumours with increased metastatic risk and spur novel therapeutic strategies, with several lncRNAs having shown potential as novel targets for antisense oligonucleotide therapy in animal models. In addition to well-characterized examples of lncRNAs functioning in metastasis, we discuss controversies and ongoing challenges in lncRNA biology. Finally, we present areas for future study for this rapidly evolving field.This Review discusses how long noncoding RNAs influence metastasis by functioning in discrete pro-metastatic steps including the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, invasion and migration and organotrophic colonization, and by influencing the tumour microenvironment. Diagnostic and therapeutic potential as well as controversies and ongoing technical challenges are discussed.

The mechanisms through which physical activity supports healthy brain function remain to be elucidated. One hypothesis suggests that increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mediates some cognitive and mood benefits. This meta-analysis sought to determine the effect of exercise training on resting concentrations of BDNF in peripheral blood. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Source, and CINAHL databases were searched for original, peer-reviewed reports of peripheral blood BDNF concentrations before and after exercise interventions ≥ 2 weeks. Risk of bias was assessed using standardized criteria. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were generated from random effects models. Risk of publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored in subgroup analyses. In 29 studies that met inclusion criteria, resting concentrations of peripheral blood BDNF were higher after intervention (SMD = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.17-0.60, p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses suggested a significant effect in aerobic (SMD = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.33-0.99, p < 0.001) but not resistance training (SMD = 0.07, 95% CI: -0.15-0.30, p = 0.52) interventions. No significant difference in effect was observed between males and females, nor in serum vs plasma. Aerobic but not resistance training interventions increased resting BDNF concentrations in peripheral blood.

A View from the Stars is a collection of short fiction and nonfiction pieces from Cixin Liu, the New York Times bestselling author of The Three-Body Problem. Included are essays and interviews that shed light on Liu's experiences as a reader, writer, and lover of science fiction throughout his life, as well as short fiction that gives glimpses into the evolution of his imaginative voice over the years\"--Back cover.

Although the capacity for tissue regeneration of planarians is exceptional, planarians with more limited regenerative capacities are known; here knocking down components of the Wnt signalling pathway rescues head regeneration in the regeneration-impaired planarian Dendrocoelum lacteum , revealing that manipulating a single signalling pathway can reverse the evolutionary loss of regenerative potential. Controlling planarian regeneration capacity Planarians are flatworms common in streams and ponds whose capacity for tissue regeneration is legendary. But with more limited regenerative capacities are known. Three papers published in Nature this week study Planaria with differing regenerative capacities and identify the Wnt/β-catenin molecular signalling pathway, important in embryonic development and adult homeostasis in multicellular organisms, as central to the regeneration mechanism. Yoshihiko Umesono et al . identify ERK and β-catenin signalling as the basis for a morphogenetic gradient along the anterior–posterior axis that is required for regeneration. These authors also demonstrate that inhibition of β-catenin can rescue head regeneration in Phagocata kawakatsui , a planarian that otherwise cannot regenerate heads from the posterior pieces. James Sikes and Phillip Newmark show in Procotyla fluviatilis , which has restricted ability to replace missing tissues, that Wnt signalling is aberrantly regulated in regeneration-deficient tissues. Downregulation of Wnt signalling in these regions restores regenerative abilities, including the formation of blastemas and even new heads. Jochen Rink and colleagues show that in the otherwise regeneration-incompetent Dendrocoelum lacteum , knockdown of components in the Wnt signalling pathway introduces the ability to regenerate lost tissues. Species capable of regenerating lost body parts occur throughout the animal kingdom, yet close relatives are often regeneration incompetent 1 , 2 . Why in the face of ‘survival of the fittest’ some animals regenerate but others do not remains a fascinating question 3 . Planarian flatworms are well known and studied for their ability to regenerate from minute tissue pieces, yet species with limited regeneration abilities have been described even amongst planarians 4 . Here we report the characterization of the regeneration defect in the planarian Dendrocoelum lacteum and its successful rescue. Tissue fragments cut from the posterior half of the body of this species are unable to regenerate a head and ultimately die 5 . We find that this defect originates during the early stages of head specification, which require inhibition of canonical Wnt signalling in other planarian species 6 , 7 , 8 . Notably, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of Dlac-β-catenin-1 , the Wnt signal transducer, restored the regeneration of fully functional heads on tail pieces, rescuing D. lacteum ’s regeneration defect. Our results demonstrate the utility of comparative studies towards the reactivation of regenerative abilities in regeneration-deficient animals. Furthermore, the availability of D. lacteum as a regeneration-impaired planarian model species provides a first step towards elucidating the evolutionary mechanisms that ultimately determine why some animals regenerate and others do not.