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Photoluminescence lifetime imaging of upconverting nanoparticles is increasingly featured in recent progress in optical thermometry. Despite remarkable advances in photoluminescent temperature indicators, existing optical instruments lack the ability of wide-field photoluminescence lifetime imaging in real time, thus falling short in dynamic temperature mapping. Here, we report video-rate upconversion temperature sensing in wide field using single-shot photoluminescence lifetime imaging thermometry (SPLIT). Developed from a compressed-sensing ultrahigh-speed imaging paradigm, SPLIT first records wide-field luminescence intensity decay compressively in two views in a single exposure. Then, an algorithm, built upon the plug-and-play alternating direction method of multipliers, is used to reconstruct the video, from which the extracted lifetime distribution is converted to a temperature map. Using the core/shell NaGdF 4 :Er 3+ ,Yb 3+ /NaGdF 4 upconverting nanoparticles as the lifetime-based temperature indicators, we apply SPLIT in longitudinal wide-field temperature monitoring beneath a thin scattering medium. SPLIT also enables video-rate temperature mapping of a moving biological sample at single-cell resolution. Photoluminescence lifetime imaging of upconverting nanoparticles is useful for optical thermometry, but is limited for dynamic samples. Here, the authors present a wide-field and single shot approach based on compressive sensing, for video-rate upconversion temperature sensing of moving samples.

Halide perovskites exhibit exceptional optoelectronic properties for photoelectrochemical production of solar fuels and chemicals but their instability in aqueous electrolytes hampers their application. Here we present ultrastable perovskite CsPbBr 3 -based photoanodes achieved with both multifunctional glassy carbon and boron-doped diamond sheets coated with Ni nanopyramids and NiFeOOH. These perovskite photoanodes achieve record operational stability in aqueous electrolytes, preserving 95% of their initial photocurrent density for 168 h of continuous operation with the glassy carbon sheets and 97% for 210 h with the boron-doped diamond sheets, due to the excellent mechanical and chemical stability of glassy carbon, boron-doped diamond, and nickel metal. Moreover, these photoanodes reach a low water-oxidation onset potential close to +0.4 V RHE and photocurrent densities close to 8 mA cm −2 at 1.23 V RHE , owing to the high conductivity of glassy carbon and boron-doped diamond and the catalytic activity of NiFeOOH. The applied catalytic, protective sheets employ only earth-abundant elements and straightforward fabrication methods, engineering a solution for the success of halide perovskites in stable photoelectrochemical cells. Perovskites are desirable for photoelectrochemical applications but are unstable in aqueous electrolytes. Here, the authors report a perovskite photoanode in aqueous electrolyte, preserving 95% photocurrent density after over 100 h of operation.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have garnered significant attention in both academia and industry due to their outstanding potential in cancer treatment. The design principle is to precisely deliver highly toxic payloads to target cancer cells, thereby maximizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing toxicity to normal cells as much as possible. In recent years, nanobody-drug conjugates (NDCs) have emerged as a superior alternative to ADCs, offering advantages such as enhanced stability, multi-functionality, improved tissue penetration, rapid clearance and low immunotoxicity. These properties position NDCs as promising candidates for next-generation cancer therapeutics. In this review, we first provide a brief overview of the structural differences between ADCs and NDCs, and subsequently focus on the multiple structural forms of NDCs that have been developed over the past two decades. The purpose of this article is to offer updated insights into the latest NDC platforms, thereby expanding the range of effective and safe treatment options for cancer patients and guiding the development of novel NDC-based therapeutics.

Plane segmentation is a basic yet important process in light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point cloud processing. The traditional point cloud plane segmentation algorithm is typically affected by the number of point clouds and the noise data, which results in slow segmentation efficiency and poor segmentation effect. Hence, an efficient encoding voxel-based segmentation (EVBS) algorithm based on a fast adjacent voxel search is proposed in this study. First, a binary octree algorithm is proposed to construct the voxel as the segmentation object and code the voxel, which can compute voxel features quickly and accurately. Second, a voxel-based region growing algorithm is proposed to cluster the corresponding voxel to perform the initial point cloud segmentation, which can improve the rationality of seed selection. Finally, a refining point method is proposed to solve the problem of under-segmentation in unlabeled voxels by judging the relationship between the points and the segmented plane. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is better than the traditional algorithm in terms of computation time, extraction accuracy, and recall rate.

Single-shot real-time femtophotography is indispensable for imaging ultrafast dynamics during their times of occurrence. Despite their advantages over conventional multi-shot approaches, existing techniques confront restricted imaging speed or degraded data quality by the deployed optoelectronic devices and face challenges in the application scope and acquisition accuracy. They are also hindered by the limitations in the acquirable information imposed by the sensing models. Here, we overcome these challenges by developing swept coded aperture real-time femtophotography (SCARF). This computational imaging modality enables all-optical ultrafast sweeping of a static coded aperture during the recording of an ultrafast event, bringing full-sequence encoding of up to 156.3 THz to every pixel on a CCD camera. We demonstrate SCARF’s single-shot ultrafast imaging ability at tunable frame rates and spatial scales in both reflection and transmission modes. Using SCARF, we image ultrafast absorption in a semiconductor and ultrafast demagnetization of a metal alloy. The researchers showcase swept-coded aperture real-time femtophotography—an all-optical single-shot computational imaging modality at up to 156.3 trillion frames per second—video-records transient absorption in a semiconductor and ultrafast demagnetization of a metal alloy.

Image-based PM2.5 estimation has emerged as a promising complementary approach to traditional physicochemical monitoring. However, achieving accurate predictions in severely polluted environments remains a critical challenge, as existing deep learning models tend to prioritize luminance variations induced by PM2.5 while neglecting the impact of complex atmospheric light interference, leading to substantial estimation errors. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel luminance–spatial decoupling (LSD) module constructed based on L2–Lp Retinex theory and integrated into a VGG16 backbone. By establishing a prior knowledge module linking luminance to PM2.5, the proposed method achieves high-fidelity separation of atmospheric luminance (AL) and target luminance (TL) during feature extraction. TL represents the luminance variation induced by PM2.5 concentrations, whereas AL characterizes the luminance contribution arising from atmospheric light. Simulation experiments validate the reliability of the L2–Lp Retinex-based decomposition. Ablation studies reveal that the LSD module effectively mitigates haze interference in high-pollution conditions while minimizing influence on the backbone network in clear weather, thereby resolving the conflict between dehazing and feature extraction. Comparative experiments demonstrate that LSD-VGG16 significantly outperforms traditional methods and standard convolutional neural networks, achieving a minimum prediction error of 12.42 while exhibiting stronger stability against temporal variations. Furthermore, evaluation on the unseen RHID-AQI dataset without retraining confirms the model’s robust generalization capability under abrupt illumination fluctuations and diverse weather conditions.

Femtosecond lasers are powerful in studying matter’s ultrafast dynamics within femtosecond to attosecond time scales. Drawing a three-dimensional (3D) topological map of the optical field of a femtosecond laser pulse including its spatiotemporal amplitude and phase distributions, allows one to predict and understand the underlying physics of light interaction with matter, whose spatially resolved transient dielectric function experiences ultrafast evolution. However, such a task is technically challenging for two reasons: first, one has to capture in single-shot and squeeze the 3D information of an optical field profile into a two-dimensional (2D) detector; second, typical detectors are only sensitive to intensity or amplitude information rather than phase. Here we have demonstrated compressed optical field topography (COFT) drawing a 3D map for an ultrafast optical field in single-shot, by combining the coded aperture snapshot spectral imaging (CASSI) technique with a global 3D phase retrieval procedure. COFT can, in single-shot, fully characterize the spatiotemporal coupling of a femtosecond laser pulse, and live stream the light-speed propagation of an air plasma ionization front, unveiling its potential applications in ultrafast sciences.

The main contribution of this study is to provide a new idea to detect bridge damage by using PSP-InSAR technology. A most-unfavorable-condition method is proposed for bridge-damage detection and analysis. The method can determine the specific damaged location and occurrence time by using the differential deformation values of persistent scatterer (PS) points on bridge piers. Taking Beijing Suzhou Bridge as an experimental area, 96 COSMO-SkyMed time-series SAR images were used from September 2011 to November 2017. Deformation values of PS points around Suzhou Bridge were acquired and analyzed. Experimental results show that in July 2017, the unusual maximum differential deformation value was 25.73 mm. It occurred between piers D3 and D4 of Suzhou Bridge, and it was deduced that the main girder between piers D3 and D4 may have been damaged in July 2017. As a validation, taking the differential deformation value between piers D3 and D4 as an input, the maximum tensile stress, and the maximum compressive stress were calculated as 2.1 MPa and 8.4 MPa, respectively, through a finite element model. The tensile stress exceeded the design value of the concrete, further confirming the damage of the girder between piers D3 and D4. Moreover, all results are consistent with the Suzhou Bridge damage information shown in existing records, which verify the accuracy and reliability of the proposed method.

Due to some limitations associated with the atmospheric residual phase in Sentinel-1 data interferometry during the Jiashi earthquake, the detailed spatial distribution of the line-of-sight (LOS) surface deformation field is still not fully understood. This study, therefore, proposes an inversion method of coseismic deformation field and fault slip distribution, taking atmospheric effect into account to address this issue. First, an improved inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation tropospheric decomposition model is utilised to accurately estimate the turbulence component in tropospheric delay. Using the joint constraints of the corrected deformation fields, the geometric parameters of the seismogenic fault and the distribution of coseismic slip are then inverted. The findings show that the coseismic deformation field (long axis strike was nearly east–west) was distributed along the Kalpingtag fault and the Ozgertaou fault, and the earthquake was found to occur in the low dip thrust nappe structural belt at the subduction interface of the block. Correspondingly, the slip model further revealed that the slips were concentrated at depths between 10 and 20 km, with a maximum slip of 0.34 m. Accordingly, the seismic magnitude of the earthquake was estimated to be Ms 6.06. Considering the geological structure in the earthquake region and the fault source parameters, we infer that the Kepingtag reverse fault is responsible for the earthquake, and the improved IDW interpolation tropospheric decomposition model can perform atmospheric correction more effectively, which is also beneficial for the source parameter inversion of the Jiashi earthquake.

The accelerating global transition toward carbon neutrality calls for transformative technologies capable of tightly coupling renewable energy with carbon reduction. Among next-generation approaches, solar-driven calcium-based CO₂ capture (SCa-CC) and thermochemical conversion (TC) constitutes a promising pathway by utilizing solar energy to directly facilitate the conversion of CO₂ into value-added hydrocarbon fuels. This approach addresses the high energy consumption associated with conventional CO₂ capture technologies, thereby mitigating the critical efficiency bottleneck and enhancing economic viability. However, the practical deployment of SCa-CC-TC remains constrained by a series of scientific and engineering challenges. These include the progressive degradation of functional material, the complex coupling of irradiation, thermal, flow, and reaction fields, the dynamic match of solar flux, particle transport, and reaction kinetics, and the constraints of techno-economic feasibility. Breakthroughs in both theoretical insight and practical inquiry are urgently required to enable reliable scale-up. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of full technical framework, encompassing solar energy harvesting, CO₂ capture, and coupled heat-mass conversion. Recent advances are discussed in the of solar concentrator development, multifunctional materials modification, photothermal reactor configurations, coupling characteristics, and techno-economic assessments. Emerging multimodal activation strategies, including plasmonic, pyroelectric, and piezoelectric effects, are highlighted for their potential to improve reaction kinetics and product selectivity. Key scientific and engineering bottlenecks are analyzed, and strategic directions are proposed to accelerate the transition from laboratory-scale concepts to pilot- and industrial-scale demonstrations. These insights are expected to promote the continued development of SCa-CC-TC and facilitate the construction of a sustainable energy system with deep coupling of sunlight and carbon cycle.