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The zeolite Cu(I)Y is promising for adsorptive removal of thiophenic sulfur compounds from transportation fuels. However, its application is seriously hindered by the instability of Cu(I), which is easily oxidized to Cu(II) even under atmospheric environment due to the coexistence of moisture and oxygen. Here, we report the adjustment of zeolite microenvironment from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic status by coating polydimethylsiloxane (yielding Cu(I)Y@P), which isolates moisture entering the pores and subsequently stabilizes Cu(I) despite the presence of oxygen. Cu(I) in Cu(I)Y@P is stable upon exposure to humid atmosphere for 6 months, while almost all Cu(I) is oxidized to Cu(II) in Cu(I)Y for only 2 weeks. The optimized Cu(I)Y@P material after moisture exposure can remove 532 μmol g −1 of thiophene and is much superior to Cu(I)Y (116 μmol g −1 ), regardless of similar uptakes for unexposed adsorbents. Remarkably, Cu(I)Y@P shows excellent adsorption capacity of desulfurization for water-containing model fuel. Zeolite Cu(I)Y is attractive for adsorptive removal of sulfur compounds from fuel, however practical application is limited by instability of Cu(I). Here the authors use a coating to achieve superhydrophobicity in the zeolite, leading to improved Cu(I) stability against oxidation and thiophene removal.

As crucial antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) play a vital role in tumor immunotherapy. Taking into account the many recent advances in DC biology, we discuss how DCs (1) recognize pathogenic antigens with pattern recognition receptors through specific phagocytosis and through non-specific micropinocytosis, (2) process antigens into small peptides with proper sizes and sequences, and (3) present MHC-peptides to CD4 + and CD8 + T cells to initiate immune responses against invading microbes and aberrant host cells. During anti-tumor immune responses, DC-derived exosomes were discovered to participate in antigen presentation. T cell microvillar dynamics and TCR conformational changes were demonstrated upon DC antigen presentation. Caspase-11-driven hyperactive DCs were recently reported to convert effectors into memory T cells. DCs were also reported to crosstalk with NK cells. Additionally, DCs are the most important sentinel cells for immune surveillance in the tumor microenvironment. Alongside DC biology, we review the latest developments for DC-based tumor immunotherapy in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Personalized DC vaccine-induced T cell immunity, which targets tumor-specific antigens, has been demonstrated to be a promising form of tumor immunotherapy in patients with melanoma. Importantly, allogeneic-IgG-loaded and HLA-restricted neoantigen DC vaccines were discovered to have robust anti-tumor effects in mice. Our comprehensive review of DC biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy aids in the understanding of DCs as the mentors of T cells and as novel tumor immunotherapy cells with immense potential.

In this work, Pt nanoparticles were incorporated into SBA-15 to prepare the materials for hydrogen spillover adsorption. We provide a direct modification (DM) strategy to improve the content of Pt nanoparticles inside the channels of SBA-15. In this strategy, the Pt precursor was directly incorporated into as synthesized SBA-15 by a solid-state grinding method. The subsequent calcination in air, then H 2 /Ar gases was conducted to obtain the resultant materials of PtAS. For the samples of PtAS, Pt nanoparticles up to 5.0 wt% have a high dispersion inside the channels of SBA-15. The size of nanoparticles is in control of 3.7 nm. Although much work so far has focused on modification of SBA-15 with Pt nanoparticles. Here, it is the first time the loading amount of Pt nanoparticles raises up to 5.0 wt%, and the location of the Pt nanoparticles is interior channels of SBA-15. We reveal that the high dispersion behaviors of Pt nanoparticles are ascribed to the nanoconfinement effects provided by as synthesized SBA-15. However, the samples derived from template free SBA-15 (PtCS) show sparsely dispersion of Pt nanoparticles with the size of 7.7 nm. We demonstrate that the PtAS samples show better hydrogen adsorption performance than PtCS.

Manganese monoxide (MnO) has attracted much attention as anode materials in lithium ion (Li+) batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and being environmentally friendly. However, the low electrical conductivity, as well as structural collapse during the lithiation/delithiation process, limits its application. In this study, a novel MnO/C composite was feasibly synthesized by employing renewable petal cells as bioscaffolds. Mn(II) ions were firstly infiltrated into the confined space in the cellular walls of camellia petals, then transformed into MnO nanoparticles (average size of 22 nm) after calcination under nitrogen. At the same time, the camellia petal biotemplate was changed to the biocarbon in the composite, forming a C/MnO/C “layer–particle–layer” sandwich-like structure. Composition of the composite and chemical environment for the elements was further characterized by TG, FT-IR, Raman and XPS. When the composite is used as anode material in a half-cell LIB, the carbon layer can improve the conductivity of the electrode, and the unique sandwich-like structure can alleviate the volume expansion of MnO during the electrochemical cycling. As a result, the special MnO/C composite achieves a good specific capacity (445 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 for more than 300 cycles) with excellent cycle stability. Quantitative analysis reveals that capacitance and diffusion mechanisms both account for Li+ storage.

Rivaroxaban has been widely used to prevent and treat various thromboembolic diseases for more than a decade. However, whether a lower dose of rivaroxaban is required for Asians is still debatable. This review aimed to explore the potential ethnic difference in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) characteristics between Asians and Caucasians. A systematic search was conducted and twenty-four studies were identified, of which 10 were conducted on Asian adults, 11 on predominantly Caucasian adults, and 3 on Caucasian pediatrics. The apparent clearance (CL/F) of rivaroxaban in Caucasian adults with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (6.45–7.64 L/h) was about 31–43% higher than that in Asians (4.46–5.98 L/h) taking 10~20 mg rivaroxaban every 24 h. Moreover, there was no obvious difference in CL/F among Japanese, Chinese, Thai, and Irani people. Regarding PK/PD relationship, prothrombin time was linked to rivaroxaban concentration in a linear or near-linear manner, and Factor Xa activity was linked with the Emax model. The exposure–response relationship was comparable between Asians and Caucasians. Renal function has a significant influence on CL/F, and no covariate was recognized for exposure–response relationship. In conclusion, a lower dose of rivaroxaban might be required for Asians, and further studies are warranted to verify this ethnic difference to facilitate optimal dosing regimens.

To evaluate the immunogencity and safety for three immunization schedules of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV) for providing a basis for further optimization of the polio sequential immunization schedule. To obtain immunogenicity data and to active surveillance the occurrence of adverse events following immunization (AEFI), healthy infants ≥ 2 months of age were randomly chosen in Hebei Province, and were divided into three groups to be vaccinated with IPV-bOPV-bOPV(Group a), IPV-IPV-bOPV(Group b) and IPV-IPV-IPV(Group c) at 2, 3 and 4 months of age respectively. AEFI cases related to poliomyelitis vaccines in Hebei province by passive surveillance from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2022 were obtained from national adverse event following immunization surveillance system (NAEFISS). After basic immunization with polio vaccine, the positive conversion rate of neutralizing antibodies of types I, II and III were all > 97.00% and the positive rates were all > 98.00%, the geometric mean titer (GMT) was significantly higher than that before basic immunization, the GMT level of neutralizing poliovirus antibody after basic immunization was the highest in type I, followed by type III, and the lowest in type II. A total of 16 AEFI cases (2.52%) were reported by active surveillance, and 2903 AEFI cases (1.40%) were reported by passive surveillance. AEFI reported by both monitoring modalities were dominated by fever of common vaccine reactions. No rare serious adverse reactions like VAPP etc. were monitored and the overall regression was positive. All three immunization schedules for polio vaccine have demonstrated good immunogenicity and safety when administered to healthy populations.

Ordered porous solid strong bases (OPSSBs) have attracted great research interest due to the excellent performance as heterogeneous catalysts in various reactions. The main obstacle for fabricating OPSSBs is the requirement of high temperature to produce strong basicity on ordered porous materials. For example, the temperatures of 600–650 °C are required for the decomposition of base precursor NaNO 3 to basic sites on mesoporous silica SBA-15 and zeolite Y. Such high decomposition temperatures are energy-intensive and harmful to the structure of supports. Herein, we report the fabrication of OPSSBs by utilizing the redox interaction between base precursor and low-valence metal centers (e.g., Cr 3+ ) in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The base precursor NaNO 3 on MIL-101(Cr) can be converted to basic sites entirely at 300 °C, which is quite lower than those of the conventional thermal conversion on SBA-15 and zeolite Y (600–650 °C). The exploration on decomposition mechanism reveals that the valence change of Cr 3+ to Cr 6+ takes place during the conversion of NaNO 3 to basic sites. In this way, MOFs-derived base catalysts have been synthesized successfully by the host–guest redox strategy and exhibit high catalytic activity in typical base-catalyzed reactions.

Camrelizumab, a programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, has been approved for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. The aim of this study was to perform a population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of camrelizumab to quantify the impact of patient characteristics and to investigate the appropriateness of a flat dose in the dosing regimen. A total of 3092 camrelizumab concentrations from 133 patients in four clinical trials with advanced melanoma, relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma and other solid tumor types were analyzed using nonlinear mixed effects modeling. The PKs of camrelizumab were properly described using a two-compartment model with parallel linear and nonlinear clearance. Then, covariate model building was conducted using stepwise forward addition and backward elimination. The results showed that baseline albumin had significant effects on linear clearance, while actual body weight affected intercompartmental clearance. However, their impacts were limited, and no dose adjustments were required. The final model was further evaluated by goodness-of-fit plots, bootstrap procedures, and visual predictive checks and showed satisfactory model performance. Moreover, dosing regimens of 200 mg every 2 weeks and 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks provided similar exposure distributions by model-based Monte Carlo simulation. The population analyses demonstrated that patient characteristics have no clinically meaningful impact on the PKs of camrelizumab and present evidence for no advantage of either the flat dose or weight-based dose regimen for most patients with advanced solid tumors.

Polycarbonate diols (PCDLs) are intermediates used in the synthesis of polyurethanes (PU), and therefore their efficient and green synthesis is a necessity. In this work, KOH/K 2 CO 3 @ γ -Al 2 O 3 catalysts were prepared and employed in the synthesis of PCDLs. A 4 wt% KOH/40 wt% K 2 CO 3 @ γ -Al 2 O 3 catalyst and a DMC: 1,4-BDO molar ratio of 1.25:1 exhibited the best activity for the reaction and gave a PCDL yield of 95% with a molecular weight of 4527 g·mol −1 . Moreover, the catalyst could be reused 4 times without a significant loss of the catalytic activity in transesterification. The effects of the catalyst composition and reaction conditions on the synthesis of PCDLs were investigated. The results indicate that the catalyst amount and the molar ratio of DMC: 1,4-BDO can influence the purity of PCDLs. Graphic Abstract The reaction equation Catalyst preparation The synthesis of PCDLs using DMC and 1,4-BDO

This study proposed a procedure of using the energy method to evaluate the SSI-related damping effect when the soil–structure interaction (SSI) was considered in a bridge pier system, which can thus be deemed a soil–foundation–superstructure (SFS) inelastic system. Firstly, the SSI is implemented by adopting a discrete-time recursive filter approach as well as frequency-dependent foundation–soil impedance functions to solve for the external soil forces exerted onto the foundation. Then, by integrating such external soil forces into the motion equations of the SSI-based SFS system, the energy equations can be formulated during the ground motions. To demonstrate the proposed procedure, an implementation study involving a bridge pier was carried out, considering two earthquake recordings. The resultant energy quantities and SSI-related damping ratio shed light on how the aspects of earthquake characteristics affected the energy dissipation mechanism of the bridge pier SSI-based SFS system. This proposed procedure renders a promising solution for quantifying the soil role in the seismic energy dissipation of arbitrary single- and multiple-degree-of-freedom systems considering the SSI effect. The results obtained show that the SSI effect was suppressed when the SFS system underwent near-fault earthquakes, which illustrated that the stiffness and damping contribution from the soil was not pronounced. Furthermore, near-fault earthquakes with large incremental velocities may lead to a low SSI-related damping ratio (SSIDR).