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Electrocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) production via the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction is a promising alternative to the energy-intensive and high-pollution anthraquinone oxidation process. However, developing advanced electrocatalysts with high H 2 O 2 yield, selectivity, and durability is still challenging, because of the limited quantity and easy passivation of active sites on typical metal-containing catalysts, especially for the state-of-the-art single-atom ones. To address this, we report a graphene/mesoporous carbon composite for high-rate and high-efficiency 2e − oxygen reduction catalysis. The coordination of pyrrolic-N sites -modulates the adsorption configuration of the *OOH species to provide a kinetically favorable pathway for H 2 O 2 production. Consequently, the H 2 O 2 yield approaches 30 mol g −1 h −1 with a Faradaic efficiency of 80% and excellent durability, yielding a high H 2 O 2 concentration of 7.2 g L −1 . This strategy of manipulating the adsorption configuration of reactants with multiple non-metal active sites provides a strategy to design efficient and durable metal-free electrocatalyst for 2e − oxygen reduction. A graphene/mesoporous carbon composite presents rapid and efficient H2O2 electrosynthesis capability by two-electron oxygen reduction catalysis which is facilitated by the presence of multiple pyrrolic nitrogen dopants within the material.

From the perspective of ecology, traditional English teaching in colleges and universities is an ecologically balanced system. After a long time of running, each ecological factor in this ecosystem slowly reaches a relatively compatible and stable state. However, with the development of information technology and the leap of people’s thought, English teaching in higher education is constantly reformed. These changes will inevitably lead to the corresponding changes in traditional teaching objectives, models, teaching materials, courses, and other factors, thus breaking the original ecological balance and causing many imbalance phenomena. From the perspective of ecology of education, this paper discusses the deep causes of the imbalance in the ecosystem of college English teaching, and then puts forward the optimization strategy. By advocating the collaborative development of teachers and students, the college English teaching ecosystem of foreign language talent training can be developed soundly.

Zinc‐ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs) have garnered increasing attention as promising energy storage devices in recent years, as they combine the advantages of high‐energy Zn‐ion batteries and high‐power supercapacitors. However, the development of ZHSCs is still in its infancy and there are many bottlenecks to overcome. In particular, the challenge induced by the limited ion adsorption capability of carbon‐positive electrodes severely restricts the energy density of ZHSCs. Therefore, it has become a key issue to design novel carbon‐positive electrodes that enable high energy density yet do not deteriorate the intrinsic power capability and long‐term durability. This study focuses on recent achievements in synthesis, morphology, and electrochemical performance of various carbon materials applied in ZHSCs. The modification strategies to optimize their electrochemical performance are briefly summarized. In addition, current challenges and future opportunities in this field are also outlined. This review will be beneficial to provide an organized framework for the research systems of carbon‐positive electrodes and develop novel ZHSCs with high energy density. This review provides an overview on the recent progress of carbon materials as positive electrodes in zinc‐ion hybrid supercapacitors. The electrochemical performance of different types of carbon materials is compared and the relevant modification strategies are summarized.

Understanding ion transport kinetics and electrolyte-electrode interactions at electrode surfaces of batteries in operation is essential to determine their performance and state of health. However, it remains a challenging task to capture in real time the details of surface-localized and rapid ion transport at the microscale. To address this, a promising approach based on an optical fiber plasmonic sensor capable of being inserted near the electrode surface of a working battery to monitor its electrochemical kinetics without disturbing its operation is demonstrated using aqueous Zn-ion batteries as an example. The miniature and chemically inert sensor detects perturbations of surface plasmon waves propagating on its surface to rapidly screen localized electrochemical events on a sub-μm-scale thickness adjacent to the electrode interface. A stable and reproducible correlation between the real-time ion insertions over charge-discharge cycles and the optical plasmon response has been observed and quantified. This new operando measurement tool will provide crucial additional capabilities to battery monitoring methods and help guide the design of better batteries with improved electro-chemistries.

The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) has an annual mean location north of the equator today. The factors determining this location and the evolution to its modern state are actively debated. Here we investigate how the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) influences the ITCZ during the early‐to‐middle Miocene. By conducting a sensitivity study with an open Canadian Arctic Archipelago gateway, we show that North Atlantic Deep‐Water formation strengthens the AMOC, in alignment with Miocene North Atlantic ventilation proxies. A vigorous AMOC increases northward Atlantic Ocean heat transport and cross‐equatorial atmospheric energy transport shifts southwards to compensate, pushing the ITCZ northwards. Our study supports AMOC development as a strong contributor to the ITCZ's northern location today. Existing proxy‐based interpretations of ITCZ history are too sparse to strongly confirm these results. We predict a strong in‐phase relationship between AMOC strength and ITCZ's northward location, which should be testable in high resolution paleoclimate records. Plain Language Summary The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a narrow tropical region where tropical rainfall is concentrated. Its annual mean position is predominantly north of the equator in the modern climate, especially in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans. The position of the ITCZ varies seasonally and over long‐time scales. One hypothesis is that Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) energy transport displaces the ITCZ north of the Equator. We test this hypothesis in a paleoclimate simulation with realistic early‐to‐middle Miocene (20–11.6 million years ago) configurations. By opening the Canadian Arctic Archipelago gateway, a crucial connection between the Arctic Ocean and North Atlantic, we find that a strong AMOC transports more heat northward in the ocean, and in compensation, the flow of atmospheric energy across the equator shifts southward, consequently pushing the ITCZ north of the equator. More Miocene proxy records are required to empirically support this model result. Key Points Opening an Arctic Ocean gateway in Miocene climate simulations generates a strong Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and increases northward ocean heat transport To compensate, atmospheric energy transport across the equator shifts southward, pushing the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) north of the equator AMOC strengthening is a mechanism in past warm climates for northward ITCZ shifts

Wound management is an important issue that places enormous pressure on the physical and mental health of patients, especially in cases of infection, where the increased inflammatory response could lead to severe hypertrophic scars (HSs). In this study, a hydrogel dressing was developed by combining the high strength and toughness, swelling resistance, antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities. The hydrogel matrix was composed of a double network of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and agarose with excellent mechanical properties. Hyperbranched polylysine (HBPL), a highly effective antibacterial cationic polymer, and tannic acid (TA), a strong antioxidant molecule, were added to the hydrogel as functional components. Examination of antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the hydrogel confirmed the full play of the efficacy of HBPL and TA. In the in vivo studies of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, the hydrogel had shown obvious promotion of wound healing, and more profoundly, significant suppression of scar formation. Due to the common raw materials and simple preparation methods, this hydrogel can be mass produced and used for accelerating wound healing while preventing HSs in infected wounds. [Display omitted] •A double physical network hydrogel with robust, anti-fatigue and anti-swelling properties was fabricated.•Hydrogel loaded with hyperbranched polylysine and tannic acid exhibited remarkable antibacterial and antioxidant effects.•Hydrogel treatment promoted infected wound healing, reduced inflammation and accelerated vascularization.•Strategies to mitigate bacterial infection and oxidative stress inhibited hypertrophic scars formation.

Aqueous alkaline batteries see bright future in renewable energy storage and utilization, but their practical application is greatly challenged by the unsatisfactory performance of anode materials. Herein, we demonstrate a latent Sb stripping/plating chemistry by constructing an oxygen-rich interface on carbon substrate, thus providing a decent anode candidate. The functional interface effectively lowers the nucleation overpotential of Sb and strengthens the absorption capability of the charge carriers (SbO 2 − ions). These two advantageous properties inhibit the occurrence of side reactions and thus enable highly reversible Sb stripping/plating. Consequently, the Sb anode delivers theoretical-value-close specific capacity (627.1 mA h g −1 ), high depth of discharge (95.0%) and maintains 92.4% coulombic efficiency over 1000 cycles. A robust aqueous NiCo 2 O 4 //Sb device with high energy density and prominent durability is also demonstrated. This work provides a train of thoughts for the development of aqueous alkaline batteries based on Sb chemistry. The practical application of aqueous alkaline battery is confined by limited choice of anode. Here, the authors demonstrate an oxygen-rich interface induced reversible Sb stripping/plating chemistry that provides a promising Sb metal anode with fast reaction kinetics and favourable stability.

AbstractObjectiveTo study the effect of long term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter of diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) on the incidence of total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic stroke among Chinese adults.DesignPopulation based prospective cohort study.SettingPrediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China (China-PAR) project carried out in 15 provinces across China.Participants117 575 Chinese men and women without stroke at baseline in the China-PAR project.Main outcome measuresIncidence of total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic stroke.ResultsThe long term average PM2.5 level from 2000 to 2015 at participants’ residential addresses was 64.9 μg/m3, ranging from 31.2 μg/m3 to 97.0 μg/m3. During 900 214 person years of follow-up, 3540 cases of incident stroke were identified, of which 63.0% (n=2230) were ischemic and 27.5% (n=973) were hemorrhagic. Compared with the first quarter of exposure to PM2.5 (<54.5 μg/m3), participants in the highest quarter (>78.2 μg/m3) had an increased risk of incident stroke (hazard ratio 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.34 to 1.74), ischemic stroke (1.82, 1.55 to 2.14), and hemorrhagic stroke (1.50, 1.16 to 1.93). For each increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5 concentration, the increased risks of incident stroke, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke were 13% (1.13, 1.09 to 1.17), 20% (1.20, 1.15 to 1.25), and 12% (1.12, 1.05 to 1.20), respectively. Almost linear exposure-response relations between long term exposure to PM2.5 and incident stroke, overall and by its subtypes, were observed.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence from China that long term exposure to ambient PM2.5 at relatively high concentrations is positively associated with incident stroke and its major subtypes. These findings are meaningful for both environmental and health policy development related to air pollution and stroke prevention, not only in China, but also in other low and middle income countries.

Targeting tumour immunosuppressive microenvironment is a crucial strategy in immunotherapy. However, the critical role of the tumour lymph node (LN) immune microenvironment (TLIME) in the tumour immune homoeostasis is often ignored. Here, we present a nanoinducer, NIL-IM-Lip, that remodels the suppressed TLIME via simultaneously mobilizing T and NK cells. The temperature-sensitive NIL-IM-Lip is firstly delivered to tumours, then directed to the LNs following pH-sensitive shedding of NGR motif and MMP2-responsive release of IL-15. IR780 and 1-MT induces immunogenic cell death and suppress regulatory T cells simultaneously during photo-thermal stimulation. We demonstrate that combining NIL-IM-Lip with anti-PD-1 significantly enhances the effectiveness of T and NK cells, leading to greatly suppressed tumour growth in both hot and cold tumour models, with complete response in some instances. Our work thus highlights the critical role of TLIME in immunotherapy and provides proof of principle to combine LN targeting with immune checkpoint blockade in cancer immunotherapy. The tumour lymph node microenvironment is an important contributor to the immune suppressiveness of tumours. Here authors target the tumours and the lymph node simultaneously via a pH and photothermal therapy targeted nanoparticle, and show mobilisation of anti-tumour cytotoxic T cells and NK cells and synergistic therapeutic effect with immune checkpoint blockade.

Worldwide, lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer mortality. Bruceine D (BD) has been shown to induce pancreatic cancer cell death via several different mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrated that BD inhibited lung cancer cell proliferation. Apoptosis and autophagy were the most important mechanisms involved in BD-induced lung cancer cell death, and complete autophagic flux was observed in A549 and NCI-H292 cells. In addition, BD significantly improved intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. BD-mediated cell apoptosis and autophagy were almost inhibited in cells pretreated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an ROS scavenger. Furthermore, MAPK signaling pathway activation contributed to BD-induced cell proliferation inhibition and NAC could eliminate p-ERK and p-JNK upregulation. Finally, an in vivo study indicated that BD inhibited the growth of lung cancer xenografts. Overall, BD is a promising candidate for the treatment of lung cancer owing to its multiple mechanisms and low toxicity.