Explore the vast range of titles available.

HighlightsA comprehensive investigation on the research states of 3D-printed metal/covalent organic frameworks (M/COFs) is conducted with the discussion on the M/COF-mixed monolith and M/COF-covered monolith separately.Recent advances in design strategies regarding both the paste/scaffold formation and the 3D-printing/covering process for preserving the better structural features of M/COFs (surface area, porosity, and micromorphology) in their 3D printed monolith are overviewed and discussed.Metal–organic framework (MOF) and covalent organic framework (COF) are a huge group of advanced porous materials exhibiting attractive and tunable microstructural features, such as large surface area, tunable pore size, and functional surfaces, which have significant values in various application areas. The emerging 3D printing technology further provides MOF and COFs (M/COFs) with higher designability of their macrostructure and demonstrates large achievements in their performance by shaping them into advanced 3D monoliths. However, the currently available 3D printing M/COFs strategy faces a major challenge of severe destruction of M/COFs’ microstructural features, both during and after 3D printing. It is envisioned that preserving the microstructure of M/COFs in the 3D-printed monolith will bring a great improvement to the related applications. In this overview, the 3D-printed M/COFs are categorized into M/COF-mixed monoliths and M/COF-covered monoliths. Their differences in the properties, applications, and current research states are discussed. The up-to-date advancements in paste/scaffold composition and printing/covering methods to preserve the superior M/COF microstructure during 3D printing are further discussed for the two types of 3D-printed M/COF. Throughout the analysis of the current states of 3D-printed M/COFs, the expected future research direction to achieve a highly preserved microstructure in the 3D monolith is proposed.

The rational design of nickel‐based cathodes with highly ordered micro‐nano hierarchical architectures by a facile process is fantastic but challenging to achieve for high‐capacity and high‐rate Ni–Zn batteries. Herein, a one‐step etching–deposition–growth process is demonstrated to prepare hierarchical micro‐nano sheet arrays for Ni–Zn batteries with outstanding performance and high rate. The fabrication process is conducted at room temperature without any need of heating and stirring, and the as‐grown nickel–cobalt double hydroxide (NiCo‐DH) supported on conductive nickel substrate is endowed with a unique 3D hierarchical architecture of micro‐nano sheet arrays, which empower the effective exposure of active materials, easy electrolyte access, fast ion diffusion, and rapid electron transfer. Benefiting from these merits in combination, the NiCo‐DH electrode delivers a high specific capacity of 303.6 mAh g−1 and outstanding rate performance (80% retention after 20‐fold current increase), which outperforms the electrodes made of single Ni(OH)2 and Co(OH)2, and other similar materials. The NiCo‐DH electrode, when employed as the cathode for a Ni–Zn battery, demonstrates a high specific capacity of 329 mAh g−1. Moreover, the NiCo‐DH//Zn battery also exhibits high electrochemical energy conversion efficiency, excellent rate capability (62% retention after 30‐fold current increase), ultrafast charge characteristics, and strong tolerance to the high‐speed conversion reaction. The hierarchical structure of nickel–cobalt double hydroxide micro‐nano sheet arrays are rationally constructed by a facile one‐step etching–deposition–growth process of cobalt‐based metal–organic framework to express excellent rate performance (80% retention after 20‐fold current increase) and achieve the fabrication of high‐rate Ni–Zn battery with outstanding performances.

Microbial cell factories, renowned for their economic and environmental benefits, have emerged as a key trend in academic and industrial areas, particularly in the fermentation of natural compounds. Among these, plant-derived terpenes stand out as a significant class of bioactive natural products. The large-scale production of such terpenes, exemplified by artemisinic acid—a crucial precursor to artemisinin—is now feasible through microbial cell factories. In the fermentation of terpenes, two-phase fermentation technology has been widely applied due to its unique advantages. It facilitates in situ product extraction or adsorption, effectively mitigating the detrimental impact of product accumulation on microbial cells, thereby significantly bolstering the efficiency of microbial production of plant-derived terpenes. This paper reviews the latest developments in two-phase fermentation system applications, focusing on microbial fermentation of plant-derived terpenes. It also discusses the mechanisms influencing microbial biosynthesis of terpenes. Moreover, we introduce some new two-phase fermentation techniques, currently unexplored in terpene fermentation, with the aim of providing more thoughts and explorations on the future applications of two-phase fermentation technology. Lastly, we discuss several challenges in the industrial application of two-phase fermentation systems, especially in downstream processing.

Diverse and wide-range applications of integrated circuits (ICs) and the development of Cyber Physical System (CPS), more and more third-party manufacturers are involved in the manufacturing of ICs. Unfortunately, like software, hardware can also be subjected to malicious attacks. Untrusted outsourced manufacturing tools and intellectual property (IP) cores may bring enormous risks from highly integrated. Attributed to this manufacturing model, the malicious circuits (known as Hardware Trojans, HTs) can be implanted during the most designing and manufacturing stages of the ICs, causing a change of functionality, leakage of information, even a denial of services (DoS), and so on. In this paper, a survey of HTs is presented, which shows the threatens of chips, and the state-of-the-art preventing and detecting techniques. Starting from the introduction of HT structures, the recent researches in the academic community about HTs is compiled and comprehensive classification of HTs is proposed. The state-of-the-art HT protection techniques with their advantages and disadvantages are further analyzed. Finally, the development trends in hardware security are highlighted.

Attribute based encryption is suitable for data protection in data outsourcing systems such as cloud computing. However, the leveraging of encryption technique may retrain some routine operations over the encrypted data, particularly in the field of data retrieval. This paper presents an attribute based date retrieval with proxy re-encryption (ABDR-PRE) to provide both fine-grained access control and retrieval over the ciphertexts. The proposed scheme achieves fine-grained data access management by adopting KP-ABE mechanism, a delegator can generate the re-encryption key and search indexes for the ciphertexts to be shared over the target delegatee’s attributes. Throughout the process of data sharing, the data are transferred as ciphers thus the server and unauthorized users cannot acquire the sensitive information of the encrypted data so the privacy and confidentiality can be protected. By security analysis, the proposed scheme meets the security requirements confidentiality, keyword semantic security as well as collusion attack resistance.

HighlightsA timely and updated comprehensive overview focusing on integration of electrochromic aqueous batteries is provided.The key prerequisites of integration, basic operating mechanism, and compatibility of the respective components are examined.The latest advances and emerging applications are discussed, as well as the future roadmap.Multifunctional electrochromic-induced rechargeable aqueous batteries (MERABs) integrate electrochromism and aqueous ion batteries into one platform, which is able to deliver the conversion and storage of photo-thermal-electrochemical sources. Aqueous ion batteries compensate for the drawbacks of slow kinetic reactions and unsatisfied storage capacities of electrochromic devices. On the other hand, electrochromic technology can enable dynamically regulation of solar light and heat radiation. However, MERABs still face several technical issues, including a trade-off between electrochromic and electrochemical performance, low conversion efficiency and poor service life. In this connection, novel device configuration and electrode materials, and an optimized compatibility need to be considered for multidisciplinary applications. In this review, the unique advantages, key challenges and advanced applications are elucidated in a timely and comprehensive manner. Firstly, the prerequisites for effective integration of the working mechanism and device configuration, as well as the choice of electrode materials are examined. Secondly, the latest advances in the applications of MERABs are discussed, including wearable, self-powered, integrated systems and multisystem conversion. Finally, perspectives on the current challenges and future development are outlined, highlighting the giant leap required from laboratory prototypes to large-scale production and eventual commercialization.

Narrow atomically precise graphene nanoribbons hold great promise for electronic and optoelectronic applications, but the previously demonstrated nanoribbon-based devices typically suffer from low currents and mobilities. In this study, we explored the idea of lateral extension of graphene nanoribbons for improving their electrical conductivity. We started with a conventional chevron graphene nanoribbon, and designed its laterally extended variant. We synthesized these new graphene nanoribbons in solution and found that the lateral extension results in decrease of their electronic bandgap and improvement in the electrical conductivity of nanoribbon-based thin films. These films were employed in gas sensors and an electronic nose system, which showed improved responsivities to low molecular weight alcohols compared to similar sensors based on benchmark graphitic materials, such as graphene and reduced graphene oxide, and a reliable analyte recognition. This study shows the methodology for designing new atomically precise graphene nanoribbons with improved properties, their bottom-up synthesis, characterization, processing and implementation in electronic devices. Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons are a promising platform for tailored electron transport, yet they suffer from low conductivity. Here, the authors devise a strategy to laterally extend conventional chevron nanoribbons, thus achieving increased electrical conductivity and improved chemical sensing capabilities.

The Cyber-Physical System and even the Metaverse will become the second space in which human beings live. While bringing convenience to human beings, it also brings many security threats. These threats may come from software or hardware. There has been a lot of research on managing malware, and there are many mature commercial products, such as antivirus software, firewalls, etc. In stark contrast, the research community on governing malicious hardware is still in its infancy. Chips are the core component of hardware, and hardware Trojans are the primary and complex security issue faced by chips. Detection of hardware Trojans is the first step for dealing with malicious circuits. Due to the limitation of the golden chip and the computational consumption, the existing traditional detection methods are not applicable to very large-scale integration. The performances of traditional machine-learning-based methods depend on the accuracy of the multi-feature representation, and most of the methods may lead to instability because of the difficulty of extracting features manually. In this paper, employing deep learning, a multiscale detection model for automatic feature extraction is proposed. The model is called MHTtext and provides two strategies to balance the accuracy and computational consumption. After selecting a strategy according to the actual situations and requirements, the MHTtext generates the corresponding path sentences from the netlist and employs TextCNN for identification. Further, it can also obtain non-repeated hardware Trojan component information to improve its stability performance. Moreover, a new evaluation metric is established to intuitively measure the model’s effectiveness and balance: the stabilization efficiency index (SEI). In the experimental results for the benchmark netlists, the average accuracy (ACC) in the TextCNN of the global strategy is as high as 99.26%, and one of its stabilization efficiency index values ranks first with a score of 71.21 in all comparison classifiers. The local strategy also achieved an excellent effect, according to the SEI. The results show that the proposed MHTtext model has high stability, flexibility, and accuracy, in general.

Traceable multi-authority ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption （CP-ABE） is a practical encryption method that can achieve user traceability and fine-grained access control simultaneously. How- ever, existing traceable multi-authority CP-ABE schemes have two main limitations that prevent them from practical applications. First, these schemes only support small universe： the attributes must be fixed at system setup and the attribute space is restricted to polynomial size. Second, the schemes are either less ex- pressive （the access policy is limited to ＂AND gates with wildcard＂） or inefficient （the system is constructed in composite order bilinear groups）. To address these limitations, we present a traceable large universe multi-authority CP-ABE scheme, and further prove that it is statically secure in the random oracle model. Compared with existing traceable multi-authority CP-ABE schemes, the proposed scheme has four advan-tages. First, the attributes are not fixed at setup and the attribute universe is not bounded to polynomial size. Second, the ciphertext polices can be expressed as any monotone access structures. Third, the proposed scheme is constructed in prime order groups, which makes this scheme more efficient than those in composite order bilinear groups. Finally, the proposed scheme requires neither a central authority nor an identity table for tracing.

Ficus carica is an economically important horticultural plant. Due to its abundant secondary metabolites, F. carica has gained interest for its applications in medicine and as a nutritional supplement. Both external and internal factors affect the accumulation of secondary metabolites in F. carica . The assembly of the F. carica genome has facilitated functional analysis of key genes and transcription factors associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, particularly anthocyanin. In this review, we summarize the various types and functions of secondary metabolites, with a particular focus on flavonoids, coumarins, and terpenes. We also explore the factors influencing their biosynthesis and accumulation, including varieties, tissue, environmental factors (e.g., light), stresses (e.g., high temperature, low temperature, drought, nutrient deficiencies, salinity), hormonal treatments, and developmental factors. Furthermore, we discuss the involvement of structural genes and transcription factors in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, specifically anthocyanin and furanocoumarins, knowledge of which will promote the breeding and genetic engineering of novel F. carica varieties.