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Malignant hematologic diseases, also referred to as hematologic tumors, encompass a series of malignant proliferative disorders of the lymphopoietic system, including leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and myeloproliferative neoplasms. The dysregulation of inflammatory factors or chronic inflammatory responses plays an indispensable role in the onset and progression of these tumors. The C-X-C motif chemokine receptor (CXCR) serves as a key mediator of immune-inflammatory responses. Through its specific regulatory mechanisms, CXCR is involved in the transduction and activation of various signaling pathways, thereby mediating the malignant biological characteristics of blood tumor cells, such as uncontrolled proliferation, differentiation, invasion, migration, autophagy, and apoptosis. In the bone marrow microenvironment, CXCR plays a pivotal role. This review systematically analyzes and elucidates the roles and mechanisms of the CXCR family in hematologic malignancies, aiming to provide new insights into the biological mechanisms and clinical significance of these diseases. The CXCR family holds great potential as a molecular marker for both fundamental research and the clinical diagnosis and treatment of hematologic malignancies.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is generally considered the most common pathogenic bacterium causing community-acquired pneumonia. In recent years, cases of liver abscess caused by the bacterium and its spread have been reported in Asia and other parts of the world. This clinical symptom of liver abscess caused by hypervirulent K. pneumoniae and its migrating infection is also called invasive K. pneumoniae liver abscess syndrome (IKPLAS). This study explored the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of an elderly patient with IKPLAS who experienced multi-organ failure caused by the infection. The treatment of the patient was difficult, and despite our efforts, the invasive infection led to eye enucleation. This paper is expected to improve our understanding and awareness of this disease in the clinic.

Tonsillectomy is a common, minimally invasive, and relatively safe surgical operation. Although the surgical technology for such minor operations is mature and widely available in most countries worldwide, postoperative adverse complications occur and may be hazardous and fatal. Our article presents the details of a 4-year-old boy who suddenly developed pneumothorax and systemic extensive subcutaneous emphysema after tonsillectomy. He received professional treatment from a multi-disciplinary team (MDT) and timely rescue in our hospital; however, he died tragically. To this end, there is an urgent need to raise clinicians’ awareness of the potentially fatal and rare complications that can occur after tonsillectomy.

Background Although cutaneous melanoma is relatively common, rectal malignant melanoma is extremely rare. Due to its rarity, rectal malignant melanoma is often not considered in the initial differential diagnosis. In such clinical scenarios, avoiding misdiagnosis, achieving early detection, and providing appropriate treatment remain major challenges and require particular attention. This case report presents a detailed account of the diagnostic and therapeutic process in a patient with primary rectal malignant melanoma. By sharing this case, we aim to provide clinicians with practical experience and valuable insights, thereby enhancing awareness and understanding of this rare condition within the medical community. Case presentation A 56-year-old female presented to the hospital with a 10-day history of a perianal mass and hematochezia. Physical examination revealed a soft, flat abdomen with no palpable masses and normal bowel sounds. Imaging findings showed localized thickening of the distal rectum, diffuse mild thickening of the mid-to-upper rectal wall, and multiple small lymph nodes in the sigmoid mesocolon.Postoperative histopathological analysis, supported by immunohistochemical staining, confirmed the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. The patient underwent laparoscopic Miles surgery, followed by adjuvant abdominopelvic radiotherapy (GTVtb 50 Gy, CTV45 Gy) and targeted therapy with tislelizumab. She had an uneventful recovery and remained free of disease progression during 48 months of follow-up. Conclusions This case of rectal malignant melanoma, incidentally diagnosed during hemorrhoidectomy, was successfully treated with laparoscopic Miles’ procedure and targeted immunotherapy, resulting in long-term disease-free survival, thereby raising clinical awareness and providing valuable insights for managing similar cases.

The solubilization of poorly water-soluble natural bioactive compounds remains a significant challenge. This study aims to design a ternary inclusion system to enhance the solubility of the poorly water-soluble compound Neohesperidin (NH). Soluble ternary cyclodextrin complexations (t-CDs) containing NH, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), and meglumine (MEG) were prepared and optimized. The optimized t-CDs were further characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and molecular docking (MD) techniques. The results suggested that NH formed was associated with MEG through hydrogen bonds with MEG, and was subsequently incorporated into the hydrophobic cavity of HP-β-CD, which may be a key factor in improving its solubility. The solubility of NH in water at 37 °C increased significantly from 0.16 mg/mL to 5.81 mg/mL in the optimized t-CDs (NH/MEG/HP-β-CD).

Neohesperidin (NH), a bioactive flavanone glycoside, exhibits multifaceted pharmacological properties including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its clinical application is severely constrained by inherent physicochemical limitations such as poor aqueous solubility and instability under physiological conditions. To address these challenges, this study developed a dual-carrier nano-liposomal system through the synergistic integration of phospholipid complexation and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) inclusion technologies. Two formulations—NH-PC (phospholipid complex) and NH-PC-CD (phospholipid/HP-β-CD hybrid)—were fabricated via ultrasonication-assisted ethanol precipitation. Comprehensive characterization using FTIR and PXRD confirmed the amorphous dispersion of NH within lipid bilayers, with complete elimination of crystalline diffraction peaks, indicative of molecular-level interactions between NH’s hydroxyl groups and phospholipid polar moieties. The engineered nanosystems demonstrated remarkable solubility enhancement, achieving 321.77 μg/mL (NH-PC) and 318.75 μg/mL (NH-PC-CD), representing 2.01- and 1.99-fold increases over free NH. Encapsulation efficiencies exceeded 95% for both formulations, with sustained release profiles revealing 60.81% (NH-PC) and 80.78% (NH-PC-CD) cumulative release over 72 h, governed predominantly by non-Fickian diffusion kinetics. In vitro gastrointestinal simulations highlighted superior bioaccessibility for NH-PC-CD (66.35%) compared to NH-PC (58.52%) and free NH (20.85%), attributed to enhanced stability against enzymatic degradation. Storage stability assessments further validated the robustness of HP-β-CD-modified liposomes, with NH-PC-CD maintaining consistent particle size (<3% variation) and encapsulation efficiency (>92%) over 30 days. Antioxidant evaluations demonstrated concentration-dependent DPPH radical scavenging, wherein nanoencapsulation significantly amplified NH’s activity compared to its free form. This study establishes a paradigm for dual-functional nanocarriers, offering a scalable strategy to optimize the delivery of hydrophobic nutraceuticals while addressing critical challenges in bioavailability and physiological stability.

Background The immunometabolic enzyme Interleukin-4-induced-1 (IL4I1) is implicated in cancer pathogenesis, yet its specific function and clinical relevance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain unclear. Methods Comparative analysis of IL4I1 mRNA levels between AML patients and normal controls was performed using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases. The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was conducted to evaluate the prognostic value of IL4I1 . Functional insights were derived from analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), and Gene Ontology (GO)/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment. Immune infiltration was evaluated using the ssGSEA, ESTIMATE, quanTIseq and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis. Finally, in vitro and in vivo functional experiments were perfromed to explore the impact of IL4I1 on AML progression and immunoregulation. Results IL4I1 expression was significantly elevated in AML compared to normal controls ( p  = 0.0004) and associated with poorer overall survival ( p  = 0.003). Bioinformatic analysis revealed that IL4I1 was linked to immune-related pathways—including humoral immune response, leukocyte interactions, and chemokine signaling—and to cellular amino acid metabolism. Its expression correlated with immune cell infiltration and checkpoint molecule expression. Experimentally, IL4I1 promoted leukemia cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo ( p  < 0.05). Furthermore, silencing IL4I1 suppressed M2 macrophage polarization and reduced secretion of inflammatory factors ( p  < 0.05). Conclusions IL4I1 may serve as a potential biomarker for poor prognosis and an attractive target for immune-based therapeutic interventions in AML.

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a malignant clonal disorder characterized by both myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) features. Due to its relatively low incidence, there remains a lack of consensus regarding diagnostic criteria and therapeutic strategies within the academic community, which poses significant challenges in clinical management. This study aims to investigate the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic interventions, and prognostic factors associated with CMML, with the goal of providing evidence-based insights for future basic research and clinical practice in the field of hematology. Clinical data from 271 CMML patients treated at five tertiary hospitals between January 2015 and May 2025 were collected and analyzed. The clinical characteristics, treatment modalities, and outcomes were systematically reviewed. Comprehensive prognostic evaluation was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method, Log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards regression model. A total of 271 CMML patients were enrolled, including 178 males (65.68%) and 93 females (34.32%), with a median age at diagnosis of 66 years (range: 26-89). According to the FAB classification, 109 cases (40.22%) were classified as myelodysplastic-type CMML (MD-CMML), and 162 cases (59.78%) as myeloproliferative-type CMML (MP-CMML). Based on the WHO classification, the distribution was as follows: 59 cases (21.77%) of CMML-0, 66 cases (24.35%) of CMML-1, and 146 cases (53.87%) of CMML-2. First-line treatment primarily involved chemotherapy, while 107 patients received only supportive care. Treatment response was evaluable in 199 patients: 97 cases achieved complete remission (CR), 63 cases achieved partial remission (PR), 32 cases had stable disease (SD), and 7 cases experienced disease progression (PD). Follow-up was completed by June 30, 2025. Among the 271 patients, 159 cases (58.67%) were alive, 97 cases (35.79%) had died, and 15 cases (5.54%) were lost to follow-up. The median overall survival (OS) was 23.5 months (range: 0.5-109). Multivariate analysis identified that factors associated with poor OS included elevated neutrophil count, increased monocyte count, decreased hemoglobin (HB) levels, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), increased β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), and peripheral blood blast count ≥5% (  < 0.05), while the decreased HB and peripheral blood blast count ≥5% was independent adverse prognostic factors for OS. CMML is a highly heterogeneous disease with generally unfavorable clinical outcomes. Although chemotherapy can induce remission in some cases, long-term survival remains limited. The enrollment in clinical trials should be encouraged to improve patient prognosis.

To investigate and analyze the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment, and prognosis of rare pneumonia, and to improve the understanding of this rare disease. A retrospective analysis and exploration was performed for 33 cases of patients with pneumonia in the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University from January 2017 to March 2024, and the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and key points for differential diagnosis were summarized and analyzed. Meanwhile, the latest literature from PubMed was retrieved to systematically discuss the research progress in pneumonia. A total of 33 patients with pneumonia were included in this study, including 21 males (63.64%) and 12 females (36.36%), with a median age of 59 (32-79) years. There were 27 cases (81.82%) of patients accompanied with a history of poultry contact, 22 patients (66.67%) had underlying diseases. In our study, patients with pneumonia were mainly affected in Autumn (21.21%) and Winter (54.55%). All patients had undergone bronchoscopy and obtained bronchoalverolar lavage fluid (BALF) for metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) detection, and mNGS results showed that all patients (100%) were co-infected with multiple pathogens including . All patients were given antimicrobial therapy after diagnosis, and no treatment-related adverse reactions or adverse events were observed in our study, the average length of hospitalization was 11.09 days. Fortunately, no death was observed in our study, and patients were all discharged from hospital after recovery and in favourable physical and psychological conditions after discharge. pneumonia lacks specific clinical features or manifestations and tends to develop into severe exacerbation. mNGS could help to achieve an accurate diagnosis. Early administration of antibiotics can improve the prognosis of patients to the greatest extent.

Acute megakaryocytic leukemia (AMKL) constitutes a rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia in clinical practice and exhibits a high degree of heterogeneity. This study endeavors to explore the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of AMKL, offering novel perspectives for both basic and clinical investigations of rare myeloid tumors in the fields of oncology and hematology. The clinical data of 23 patients with AMKL admitted to the Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, and the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University from January 2014 to July 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical characteristics, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of AMKL patients were examined. Additionally, the latest literature in the PubMed database was retrieved for review and discussion regarding the research advancements of AMKL and its diagnosis and treatment. A total of 23 patients with AMKL were encompassed in this study, the clinical manifestations of all patients were predominantly hematological non-specific symptoms, such as anemia, bleeding, infection, and invasive swelling or occupation of tissues and organs. All patients underwent bone marrow puncture biopsy, cytochemical staining of bone marrow cells of AMKL patients demonstrated that the staining of POX, NAS-DCE, and hot brine test were negative, however, the PAS staining, -NAE staining and NaF inhibition test were positive. Except for 2 patients who were not detected by flow immunotyping, cytogenetics and molecular biology, the remaining 21 patients were detected accordingly, and megakaryocyte antigens (CD41, CD42, CD61) were expressed in these 21 patients with AMKL, accompanied by certain cytogenetic or molecular biological abnormalities. There were two patients forsook treatment in our study, and remaining 21 patients who underwent clinical treatment measures, 1 patient (4.76%) died after 1 course of chemotherapy, 3 patients (14.29%) succumbed to severe infection occasioned by bone marrow suppression after 2 courses of chemotherapy, and 7 patients (33.33%) achieved CR after 1 course of chemotherapy, 4 patients (19.05%) attained CR after 2 courses of chemotherapy, and 6 patients (28.57%) failed to achieve remission (NR) after 2 courses of induction chemotherapy. Correspondingly, a total of 6 patients received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in this study, among which 3 patients received HSCT after CR in the first induction chemotherapy, 1 patient received HSCT after CR in the second round of induction chemotherapy, and 2 patients with NR after induction chemotherapy underwent HSCT. We conducted follow-up until July 31, 2024 and discovered that among the 17 patients who received complete and standardized treatment and survived, 3 (17.65%) patients were lost to follow-up and 8 (47.06%) patients perished within 2 years due to treatment failure attributed to disease progression, recurrence, and uncontrollable disease. The remaining 6 patients (35.29%) are still alive at present and have not experienced disease progression or recurrence. The median follow-up period was 33.5 months (ranging from 4.5 to 76 months) as of July 31, 2024, the results of survival analysis indicate: the OS and EFS of AMKL patients treated with chemotherapy alone were inferior to those treated with chemotherapy combined with HSCT (all  < 0.05). Additionally, AMKL patients with severely abnormal cytogenetic test results had poorer OS and EFS (all  < 0.05). Concurrently, the OS and EFS of AMKL patients who achieved CR after 2 courses of induction chemotherapy were significantly superior to those of AMKL patients who did not achieve CR (all  < 0.05). AMKL is infrequent in clinical practice, features a poor prognosis, lacks specificity in clinical manifestations, and is prone to misdiagnosis or omission. Clinical trials of new drugs should be prioritized, while close monitoring of measurable residual disease (MRD) should be implemented. Patients with AMKL might benefit from induced remission chemotherapy combined with novel targeted therapy. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation should be carried out as soon as possible after the first CR induced by standard chemotherapy to optimize the prognosis.