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Against the backdrop of the rapid development of the energy internet, the role of energy storage systems in grid stability, energy balance, and renewable energy integration has become increasingly important. Among these systems, estimating the state of health (SOH) of battery storage systems, particularly lithium batteries, is crucial for ensuring system reliability and safety. While data-driven methods have poor interpretability and physics-based models are computationally expensive, physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) offer a compromise but struggle with high-dimensional inputs and dynamic variable coupling. This paper proposed a novel Kolmogorov–Arnold networks with physics-informed neural network (KAN-PINN) framework for lithium-ion battery SOH estimation. By leveraging KANs’ superior high-dimensional approximation capabilities and embedding the Verhulst model as a physical constraint, the framework enhances nonlinear representation while ensuring predictions adhere to degradation physics. Experimental results on a public dataset demonstrate the model’s superiority, achieving an RMSPE of 0.300 and MAE of 1.342%, along with strong interpretability and robustness across battery chemistries and operating conditions.

Background Hyperglycemia is a rapidly increasing risk factor for cancer mortality worldwide. However, the dose‒response relationship between glucose levels and all-cause mortality in cancer survivors is still uncertain. Methods We enrolled 4,491 cancer survivors (weighted population 19,465,739) from the 1999–2019 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Cancer survivors were defined based on the question of whether they had ever been diagnosed with cancer by a doctor or a health professional. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was selected in this study as a stable marker of glucose level. Mortality was ascertained by linkage to National Death Index records until December 31, 2019. Cox proportional hazard, Kaplan‒Meier survival curves and Restricted cubic spline regression models were used to evaluate the associations between HbA1c and all-cause mortality risk in cancer survivors. Results In NHANES, after adjusting for confounders, HbA1c had an independent nonlinear association with increased all-cause mortality in cancer survivors (nonlinear P value < 0.05). The threshold value for HbA1c was 5.4%, and the HRs (95% CI) below and above the threshold value were 0.917 (0.856,0.983) and 1.026 (1.010,1.043), respectively. Similar associations were found between fasting glucose and all-cause mortality in cancer survivors, and the threshold value was 5.7 mmol/L. Conclusions HbA1c was nonlinearly associated with all-cause mortality in cancer survivors, and the critical value of HbA1c in decreased mortality was 5.4%, suggesting optimal glucose management in cancer survivors may be a key to preventing premature death in cancer survivors.

Background The early life gut microbiome is crucial in maintaining host metabolic and immune homeostasis. Though neonates with critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) are at substantial risks of malnutrition and immune imbalance, the microbial links to CCHD pathophysiology remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the gut microbiome in neonates with CCHD in association with metabolomic traits. Moreover, we explored the clinical implications of the host-microbe interactions in CCHD. Methods Deep metagenomic sequencing and metabolomic profiling of paired fecal samples from 45 neonates with CCHD and 50 healthy controls were performed. The characteristics of gut microbiome were investigated in three dimensions (microbial abundance, functionality, and genetic variation). An in-depth analysis of gut virome was conducted to elucidate the ecological interaction between gut viral and bacterial communities. Correlations between multilevel microbial features and fecal metabolites were determined using integrated association analysis. Finally, we conducted a subgroup analysis to examine whether the interactions between gut microbiota and metabolites could mediate inflammatory responses and poor surgical prognosis. Results Gut microbiota dysbiosis was observed in neonates with CCHD, characterized by the depletion of Bifidobacterium and overgrowth of Enterococcus , which was highly correlated with metabolomic perturbations. Genetic variations of Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus orchestrate the metabolomic perturbations in CCHD. A temperate core virome represented by Siphoviridae was identified to be implicated in shaping the gut bacterial composition by modifying microbial adaptation. The overgrowth of Enterococcus was correlated with systemic inflammation and poor surgical prognosis in subgroup analysis. Mediation analysis indicated that the overgrowth of Enterococcus could mediate gut barrier impairment and inflammatory responses in CCHD. Conclusions We demonstrate for the first time that an aberrant gut microbiome associated with metabolomic perturbations is implicated in immune imbalance and adverse clinical outcomes in neonates with CCHD. Our data support the importance of reconstituting optimal gut microbiome in maintaining host metabolic and immunological homeostasis in CCHD. 4pXZJ27nHYVeyd4JvNJWQd Video Abstract

Background High fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) is the fastest-growing risk factor for cancer deaths worldwide. We reported the cancer mortality attributable to HFPG at global, regional, and national levels over the past three decades and associations with age, period, and birth cohort. Methods Data for this study were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, and we used age-period-cohort modelling to estimate age, cohort and period effects, as well as net drift (overall annual percentage change) and local drift (annual percentage change in each age group). Results Over the past 30 years, the global age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) attributable to HFPG has increased by 27.8%. The ASMR in 2019 was highest in the male population in high sociodemographic index (SDI) areas (8.70; 95% CI, 2.23–18.04). The net drift for mortality was highest in the female population in low SDI areas (2.33; 95% CI, 2.12–2.55). Unfavourable period and cohort effects were found across all SDI quintiles. Cancer subtypes such as \"trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers\", \"colon and rectal cancers\", \"breast cancer\" and \"pancreatic cancer\" exhibited similar trends. Conclusions The cancer mortality attributable to HFPG has surged during the past three decades. Unfavourable age-period-cohort effects on mortality were observed across all SDI quintiles, and the cancer mortality attributable to HFPG is expected to continue to increase rapidly in the future, particularly in lower SDI locations. This is a grim global public health issue that requires immediate attention.

ObjectiveComprehensive data and analyses on cardiovascular research could clarify recent research trends for the academic community and facilitate policy development. We examined publications and reference data to identify research topics, trends and interdisciplinarity for cardiovascular disease (CVD).MethodsWe extracted and clustered text fragments from the titles and abstracts of 2 512 445 publications using artificial intelligence techniques, including natural language processing (NLP) for semantic analysis. Cardiovascular experts identified topics and document clusters based on the output of those semiautomatic methods. We also applied machine learning algorithms to predict the trends over the next 5 years in each field. We examined the crossover between the two cluster groups using citation relationships in the documents.ResultsResearch in clinical studies showed the most notable increase; that was followed by research in population and basic studies. The research hotspots were minimally invasive treatments for valve disease, circulatory haemodynamics, and prevention and control of hypertension. The fastest-growing topics were health monitoring, evidence-based medicine and immunotherapy. We found extensive crossover relationships among document clusters for the periods of 2017–2018 and 2020–2021.ConclusionsThis study provides valuable insights into the research hotspots for cardiovascular research, including an increasing emphasis on early disease detection and prevention, exploration of minimally invasive treatments and assessment of risk factors. The research landscape demonstrates signs of interdisciplinarity and integration as reflected in citation relationships. These findings suggest practical implications for optimising resource allocation in healthcare systems, guiding clinical guideline updates and informing policy-making to prioritise high-impact research areas aligned with evolving CVD challenges. Given the evolving global burden of CVD, continuous research and innovation are imperative, with interdisciplinary collaboration assuming a pivotal role in advancing scientific knowledge.

BackgroundAtrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) significantly impacts countries with varying income levels. We aimed to present worldwide estimates of its burden from 1990 to 2019 using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study.MethodsWe derived cause-specific AF/AFL mortality and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) estimates from the GBD 2019 study data. We used an age-period-cohort (APC) model to predict annual changes in mortality (net drifts), annual percentage changes from 50-55 to 90-95 years (local drifts), and period and cohort relative risks (period and cohort effects) between 1990 and 2019 by sex and sociodemographic index (SDI) quintiles. This allowed us to determine the impacts of age, period, and cohort on mortality and DALY trends and the inequities and treatment gaps in AF/AFL management.ResultsBased on GBD data, our estimates showed that 59.7 million cases of AF/AFL occurred worldwide in 2019, while the number of AF/AFL deaths rose from 117 000 to 315 000 (61.5% women). All-age mortality and DALYs increased considerably from 1990 to 2019, and there was an increase in age risk and a shift in death and DALYs toward the older (>80) population. Although the global net drift mortality of AF/AFL decreased overall (-0.16%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.20, 0.12 per year), we observed an opposite trend in the low-middle SDI (0.53%; 95% CI = 0.44, 0.63) and low SDI regions (0.32%; 95% CI = 0.18, 0.45). Compared with net drift among men (-0.08%; 95% CI = -0.14, -0.02), women had a greater downward trend or smaller upward trend of AF/AFL (-0.21%; 95% CI = -0.26, -0.16) in mortality in middle- and low-middle-SDI countries (P < 0.001). Uzbekistan had the largest net drift of mortality (4.21%; 95% CI = 3.51, 4.9) and DALYs (2.16%; 95% CI = 2.05, 2.27) among all countries. High body mass index, high blood pressure, smoking, and alcohol consumption were more prevalent in developed countries; nevertheless, lead exposure was more prominent in developing countries and regions.ConclusionsThe burden of AF/AFL in 2019 and its temporal evolution from 1990 to 2019 differed significantly across SDI quintiles, sexes, geographic locations, and countries, necessitating the prioritisation of health policies based on risk-differentiated, cost-effective AF/AFL management.

Aims This study aimed to analyse the global prevalence and disability trends of heart failure (HF) from 1990 to 2019, considering both sexes and country‐specific economic strata. Methods This study conducted a secondary analysis employing data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. The analysis is stratified by sex and Socio‐demographic Index (SDI) levels. Through age‐period‐cohort and Joinpoint regression analyses, we investigated the temporal trends in HF prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) during this period. Results Between 1990 and 2019, the global prevalence of HF surged by 106.3% (95% uncertainty interval: 99.3% to 114.3%), reaching 56.2 million cases in 2019. While all‐age prevalence and YLDs increased over the 30 year span, age‐standardized rates decreased by 2019. Countries with higher SDI experienced a more pronounced percentage decrease compared with those with lower SDI. Longitudinal analysis revealed an overall improvement in both prevalence and YLDs for HF, albeit with notable disparities between SDI quintiles and sexes. Ischaemic heart disease and hypertensive heart disease emerged as the most rapidly increasing and primarily contributing causes of HF, albeit with variations observed across different countries. The average annual percentage change for prevalence and YLDs over the period was −0.26% and −0.25%, respectively. Conclusions This study offers valuable insights into the global burden of HF, considering factors such as population aging, regional disparities, sex differences and aetiological variations. The findings hold significant implications for healthcare planning and resource allocation. Continued assessment of these trends and innovative strategies for HF prevention and management are crucial for addressing this pressing global health concern.

Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. This study aimed to investigate global trends in IHD mortality across 204 countries and territories over the past 30 years and explore the influence of age, period, birth, and cohort effects on mortality. Methods: IHD mortality data were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study. Temporal trends in the number of deaths, all-age mortality rates, and age-standardized mortality rates were assessed across countries grouped by sociodemographic index (SDI) quintiles. To quantify changes over time, we fitted age–period–cohort (APC) models and derived overall annual percentage changes (net drift) and age-specific annual percentage changes (local drift). The APC model was then used to distinguish the independent effects of age, period, birth, and cohort on IHD mortality trends. Results: The annual global IHD deaths increased from 5.70 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 5.41–5.90) to 9.14 million between 1990 and 2019 (95% UI: 8.40–9.74). All-age mortality rates also rose significantly, with a notable shift in deaths toward older populations (≥70 years). The global net drift in IHD mortality declined by 1.10% annually (95% confidence interval (CI): –1.17% to –1.04%), with high-SDI countries experiencing the greatest decline (–2.84%, 95% CI: –3.05% to –2.64%). Age, period, and birth cohort effects manifested a general declining trend. The largest positive net drift was observed in the Philippines (3.60%, 95% CI: 3.33%–3.86%). Key global risk factors included hypertension, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ambient particulate matter pollution, and smoking. However, low temperatures were the leading environmental risk factor in high-SDI countries. Conclusions: From 1990 to 2019, the global burden and temporal trends for IHD mortality varied substantially across SDI quintiles, sex, geographic regions, and countries. These disparities underscore the need for region-specific, risk-differentiated, and cost-effective interventions to prevent and manage IHD. Moreover, strengthening primary healthcare, improving health system responsiveness, and enhancing health promotion and prevention efforts are critical, especially in regions where IHD mortality remains stable or is increasing.

Background: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a global autoimmune disease that contributes significantly to cardiovascular mortality. However, a comprehensive investigation into age-specific mortality patterns across diverse regions remains limited. To address this issue, this study aimed to investigate alterations in RHD mortality and disease burden measured by disability-adjusted life years (DALY), and modifiable risk factors across 204 countries and regions during the preceding three decades. Additionally, this study endeavored to forecast the trends for RHD in the coming decade and to explore the associations with the age, period, and birth cohort by analyzing data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019. Methods: We present up-to-date mortality and DALY data for RHD sourced from the GBD 2019 data. We employed the age–period–cohort (APC) model to assess local and net drift, as well as the influences of age, period, and birth cohort. Additionally, we examine modifiable risk factors and provide projections for RHD mortality trends in the coming decade. Results: Age-standardized mortality rates for RHD exhibited a net drift ranging from –5.59 (95% confidence interval (CI): –5.84 to –5.34) in high–middle sociodemographic index (SDI) regions, to –2.34 (95% CI: –2.42 to –2.25) in low SDI regions. Comparable trends were observed with DALY. High systolic blood pressure was the major metabolic risk factor in both 1990 and 2019. Projections indicate a global reduction in RHD mortality rates over the coming decade. Nevertheless, individuals in low-SDI regions are projected to bear a substantial mortality burden in both 2019 and 2029, accentuating a widening sex disparity. Conclusions: In summary, this study found that age, period, and birth cohort effects for RHD were positive globally, except for low SDI regions. The widening health disparities between regions indicate an imminent threat of significant disease burden. Thus, this study underscores the imperative requirement for targeted interventions, enhanced healthcare accessibility, and sex-sensitive strategies to alleviate the burden of death and disability associated with RHD, particularly in low SDI regions.

Background Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a significant health challenge for children. Assessing the epidemiological patterns and health inequalities associated with T1D at the global, regional, and national levels, along with future projections, is essential for informing equitable public health policies. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database, this study examined trends in the incidence, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality of T1D in children aged 0–14 years. Attribution decomposition analysis was used to explore the main drivers of the changes in the T1D burden, including the effects of population growth, epidemiological changes, and fertility rates. Regression models and concentration curves were employed to evaluate health inequality among countries and regions with different sociodemographic index (SDI) levels, and predictive models were used to estimate future trends of T1D over the next 30 years. Results From 1990 to 2021, the global incidence and prevalence of T1D increased significantly, by 32.04% and 41.47%, respectively, whereas the global DALY and mortality rates decreased by 18.33% and 24.83%, respectively. Attribution decomposition analysis revealed that population growth and epidemiological improvements were the main drivers of the changes in the T1D burden. DALYs and mortality decreased significantly in high-SDI countries, whereas health inequality remained severe in low-SDI countries. The predictive models indicate that the incidence and prevalence of T1D among children worldwide will continue to rise in the coming decades, particularly among males. By 2050, DALYs and mortality are expected to decline further. Conclusion Although the global T1D burden has increased, advances in medical technology, especially in high-SDI countries, have alleviated its health impacts. To reduce global health inequality, low-SDI countries must strengthen international cooperation by improving T1D prevention and control through resource sharing and the introduction of medical technologies.