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Extreme climate events such as droughts and heat waves exert strong impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. Estimations of the risks of climate extremes typically focus on one variable in isolation. In this study, we present a method to examine the likelihood of concurrent extreme temperature and precipitation modes at the interannual scale, including compound cool/dry and cool/wet events during the cold season as well as compound hot/dry and hot/wet events during the warm season. A comparison of changes in the likelihood of such joint climate extremes was then conducted between the first (1961-1987) and second (1988-2014) halves of the full observed records. Our findings indicate a decrease in the occurrence probability for most concurrent modes over much of China, despite positive shifts found over southwestern and northeastern parts of China for the compound hot/dry events in the warm season. We further examined changes in likelihood related to these four compound climate extremes between the historical observed period (1961-2014) and the future period (2021-2080) based on climate model simulations with the RCP8.5 scenario. Our results show widespread increases in the occurrence probability for wintertime cool/dry and summertime hot/dry and hot/wet events over most parts of China but with different magnitudes, while much of China may experience declining likelihood of the wintertime cool/wet extremes in the future.

Understanding the function of moisture on perovskite is challenging since the random environmental moisture strongly disturbs the perovskite structure. Here, we develop various N 2 -protected characterization techniques to comprehensively study the effect of moisture on the efficient cesium, methylammonium, and formamidinium triple-cation perovskite (Cs 0.05 FA 0.75 MA 0.20 )Pb(I 0.96 Br 0.04 ) 3 . In contrast to the secondary measurements, the established air-exposure-free techniques allow us directly monitor the influence of moisture during perovskite crystallization. We find a controllable moisture treatment for the intermediate perovskite can promote the mass transportation of organic salts, and help them enter the buried bottom of the films. This process accelerates the quasi-solid-solid reaction between organic salts and PbI 2 , enables a spatially homogeneous intermediate phase, and translates to high-quality perovskites with much-suppressed defects. Consequently, we obtain a champion device efficiency of approaching 24% with negligible hysteresis. The devices exhibit an average T 80 -lifetime of 852 h (maximum 1210 h) working at the maximum power point. Perovskite structure is disturbed by environmental moisture, limiting the device performance. Here, Wei et al. monitor the effect of moisture during the growth by N 2 -protected characterization techniques, and obtain an operationally stable perovskite solar cell with efficiency approaching 24%.

With the wide-ranging application of mobile ad hoc networks, flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) have received more and more attention from the industry. Routing technology is a key technology of ad hoc networks. The high-speed mobility of nodes poses a greater challenge to FANET routing technology. Based on the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol, the continuous Hopfield neural network is used to optimize the route to be adapted to the high-speed movement of the FANET node. In a simulation using NS3, the result shows that the optimized DSR protocol has greatly improved key indicators such as end-to-end average delay, throughput, and packet delivery ratio.

Background The high cost of hospitalization for people with mental disorders can push them into poverty, thereby exacerbating health inequities. While per diem payment (PDP) reforms aim to address this issue, there is limited evidence on the effects of PDP reform in China. This study evaluates the effects of PDP implementation on hospitalization burden, service efficiency, and care quality for patients with mental disorders. Methods Interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) was used to evaluate the impact of PDP reform on hospitalization burden, service efficiency, and care quality of hospitalization in primary and secondary hospitals. Policy implementation in January 2022 served as the intervention time point. All data were obtained from the City W Medical Insurance Bureau, China. Results After the PDP reform, the average cost per hospitalization (primary hospitals: β 3 = -0.044, P  < 0.001; secondary hospitals: β 3 = -0.021, P  < 0.021), the average out-of-pocket (OOP) per hospitalization (primary hospitals: β 3 = -0.034, P  < 0.001; secondary hospitals: β 3 = -0.042, P  < 0.001) and the average basic medical insurance (BMI) reimbursement per hospitalization (primary hospitals: β 3 = -0.045, P  < 0.001; secondary hospitals: β 3 = -0.020, P  = 0.037) of people with mental health conditions in primary and secondary hospitals all showed a downward trend. Before the PDP reform, the average length of stay (ALOS) in secondary hospitals showed an upward trend ( β 1  = 1.384, P  = 0.002). The 30-day all-cause admission rate of patients with mental disorders in primary and secondary hospitals showed a downward trend after the reform (primary hospitals: β 3 = -0.029, P  = 0.009; secondary hospitals: β 3 = -0.018, P  = 0.008). Conclusion The PDP reform effectively reduced the financial burdens and improved equitable healthcare access for patients with mental disorders. While enhancing service efficiency and resource allocation, policymakers should monitor potential unintended consequences including insurance fund underutilization and ensure sustained care quality.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors among men worldwide, and surgery remains its mainstay of treatment. It is unclear how prostate cancer develops and what the most effective drug targets are for treating prostate cancer. Therefore, we sought to identify the genes responsible for prostate cancer. By integrating multidimensional and high-throughput data, proteome wide association studies (PWAS), transcriptome wide association studies (TWAS), single-cell sequencing, functional enrichment, Mendelian randomization (MR), and Bayesian co-localization analyses were used to screen for candidate genes that may contribute to prostate cancer and associate with clinical results of prostate cancer. Our comprehensive analysis showed that protein abundance of eight genes was associated with prostate cancer, four of which were validated at the transcriptome level. These 8 candidate genes (MSMB, PLG, CHMP2B, ATF6B, EGF, TAPBP, GAS1 and MMP7) were validated. After combining single-cell sequencing, Mendelian randomization, and Bayesian co-localization analyses, we identified 1 gene (TAPBP) that is strongly associated with prostate cancer.

A simple method for dynamically adjusting the tap-length adaptation step-size of a variable tap-length linear equaliser based on the fractional tap-length algorithm is presented. Simulations show that the technique provides a fast convergence of tap-length and small steady-state tap-length fluctuation.

The major challenges of immunotherapy for glioblastoma are that drugs cannot target tumor sites accurately and properly activate complex immune responses. Herein, we design and prepare a kind of chemotactic nanomotor loaded with brain endothelial cell targeting agent angiopep-2 and anti-tumor drug (Lonidamine modified with mitochondrial targeting agent triphenylphosphine, TLND). Reactive oxygen species and inducible nitric oxide synthase (ROS/iNOS), which are specifically highly expressed in glioblastoma microenvironment, are used as chemoattractants to induce the chemotactic behavior of the nanomotors. We propose a precise targeting strategy of brain endothelial cells-tumor cells-mitochondria. Results verified that the released NO and TLND can regulate the immune circulation through multiple steps to enhance the effect of immunotherapy, including triggering the immunogenic cell death of tumor, inducing dendritic cells to mature, promoting cytotoxic T cells infiltration, and regulating tumor microenvironment. Moreover, this treatment strategy can form an effective immune memory effect to prevent tumor metastasis and recurrence. The blood-brain barrier represents a hurdle for the delivery of therapeutics in brain tumor tissues. Here the authors describe the design of a nitric oxide-driven nanomotor loaded with the glycolysis inhibitor lonidamine, breaking through the blood-brain barrier and eliciting anti-tumor immune responses in preclinical models of glioblastoma.

Device performance and in particular device stability for blue perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) remain considerable challenges for the whole community. In this manuscript, we conceive an approach by tuning the ‘A-site’ cation composition of perovskites to develop blue-emitters. We herein report a Rubidium-Cesium alloyed, quasi-two-dimensional perovskite and demonstrate its great potential for pure-blue PeLED applications. Composition engineering and in-situ passivation are conducted to further improve the material’s emission property and stabilities. Consequently, we get a prominent film photoluminescence quantum yield of around 82% under low excitation density. Encouraged by these findings, we finally achieve a spectra-stable blue PeLED with the peak external quantum efficiency of 1.35% and a half-lifetime of 14.5 min, representing the most efficient and stable pure-blue PeLEDs reported so far. The strategy is also demonstrated to be able to generate efficient perovskite blue emitters and PeLEDs in the whole blue spectral region (from 454 to 492 nm). Besides device operational stability, the color stability is also an important challenge for the perovskite light-emitting diodes, especially the blue ones. Here Jiang et al. report the most efficient and color stable pure-blue perovskite LEDs so far, with a half-lifetime of 14.5 minutes.

Under the background of China’s proposal to achieve “carbon neutralization and carbon peak”, it is an important task for each province to clarify their forest ecological security (FES) status. However, there is little understanding of the temporal and spatial evolution of forest ecological security and its influencing factors. Based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model, this paper constructed a comprehensive evaluation index system for forest ecological security and used the CRITIC method and panel data to estimate the dynamic changes in FES for 31 provinces in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) between 2009 and 2018. Furthermore, the obstacle degree model was used to determine the important obstacle factors affecting FES. The results showed that: (1) The comprehensive indices of FES of most provinces in mainland China were increasing, showing a good development trend during the study period; (2) subject to the limitations of resources and economic conditions, the FES at the provincial level showed significant spatial heterogeneity, which generally presents a distribution characteristic of “low in the western region and high in the central and eastern regions”; and (3) the primary obstacles restricting the improvement of FES level in most provinces of China were forest state indicators or input response indicators, followed by pressure indicators. Therefore, it is recommended to take targeted measures to reduce the intensity of forest cutting and the incidence of forest disasters, improve the utilization efficiency of forest resources, the productivity of forestland and the input-output level of forestry industry, and strengthen the training of professional talents and technical input according to the resource endowment condition of each province so as to improve the level of forest ecological security.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on zirconium phosphonates exhibit superior chemical stability suitable for applications under harsh conditions. These compounds mostly exist as poorly crystallized precipitates, and precise structural information has therefore remained elusive. Furthermore, a zero-dimensional zirconium phosphonate cluster acting as secondary building unit has been lacking, leading to poor designability in this system. Herein, we overcome these challenges and obtain single crystals of three zirconium phosphonates that are suitable for structural analysis. These compounds are built by previously unknown isolated zirconium phosphonate clusters and exhibit combined high porosity and ultrastability even in fuming acids. SZ-2 possesses the largest void volume recorded in zirconium phosphonates and SZ-3 represents the most porous crystalline zirconium phosphonate and the only porous MOF material reported to survive in aqua regia. SZ-2 and SZ-3 can effectively remove uranyl ions from aqueous solutions over a wide pH range, and we have elucidated the removal mechanism. Zirconium phosphonate based metal-organic frameworks often exhibit superior chemical stabilities, but typically exist as poorly crystalline or amorphous materials. Here the authors exploit an ionothermal method to obtain highly porous and remarkably stable single crystalline zirconium phosphonate frameworks that can efficiently remove uranyl ions from aqueous solutions.