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A novel moderately halophilic, Gram-stain-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, strictly aerobic, non-sporulating, non-motile rod, designated strain JSM 104105 T, was isolated from human faeces. Strain JSM 104105 T was able to grow with 0.5–18% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 4–9%), at pH 6–10.5 (optimum pH 7–8) and at 10–40 °C (optimum 30 °C) in complex media. The major cellular fatty acids were C18:1ω7c, C16:0, C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c, C19:0 cyclo ω8c and C12:0 3-OH. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified glycolipid and three unidentified phospholipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was Q-9 and the genomic DNA G + C content was 64.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain JSM 104105 T should be assigned to the genus Halomonas, and was most closely related to Halomonas gudaonensis SL014B-69 T (99.0% sequence similarity), followed by Halomonas azerbaijanica TBZ202T (98.6%) and Halomonas lysinitropha 3(2)T (97.3%). The whole genomic analysis showed that strain JSM 104105 T constituted a different taxon separated from the recognized Halomonas species. Combined data from phenotypic and genotypic studies demonstrated that strain JSM 104105 T represents a new species of the genus Halomonas, for which the name Halomonas faecis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JSM 104105 T (= CCTCC AB 2014160 T = CGMCC 1.12945 T = KCTC 42146 T).

A Gram-positive, moderately halophilic, facultatively alkaliphilic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, obligately aerobic, filamentous actinomycete strain, designated YIM 90022T, was isolated from saline soil collected from the Qaidam Basin, north-west China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the new isolate was a member of the genus Nocardiopsis and the sequence similarities between the isolate and the type strains of members of the genus Nocardiopsis were in the range of 95.1-98.7%. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties of this organism also indicated that strain YIM 90022T was a member of the genus Nocardiopsis. The strain grew well on most of the media tested, producing yellow-white to deep brown substrate mycelium and white aerial mycelium. Light gray to deep brown diffusible pigments were produced. The substrate mycelium was well developed and fragmented with age; the aerial mycelium produced long, straight to flexuous spore chains with non-motile, smooth-surfaced, rod-shaped spores on them. The strain grew in the presence of 1-15% (w/v) total salts (optimum, 3-5%) and at pH 6.0-10.5 (optimum, pH 8.5) and 10-45°C (optimum, 30°C). Whole-cell hydrolysates of strain YIM 90022T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and no diagnostic sugars. The predominant menaquinones were MK-10(H₄), MK-9(H₈), MK-10(H₆) and MK-10(H₈). Polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylmethylethanolamine. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C₁₆:₀, anteiso-C₁₇:₀, 10-methyl-C₁₈:₀ and 10-methyl-C₁₇:₀. The DNA G + C content of strain YIM 90022T was 71.5 mol%. The combination of phylogenetic analysis, DNA-DNA relatedness data, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic data supported the suggestion that strain YIM 90022T represents a new species of the genus Nocardiopsis, for which the name Nocardiopsis terrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 90022T (=CCTCC AA 208011T =KCTC 19431T).

Few studies have been conducted on Mycena species in Hunan Province, China. During our research on the species diversity of Mycena in Hunan Province, we identified approximately 30 Mycena species based on morphological and molecular evidence. Five species are recognized herein as new to science, namely, M. fulvomarginata , M. huangsangensis , M. hongfengensis , M. subroriduliformis , and M. roseolamellata . The phylogenetic analyses of a combined ITS and LSU sequence dataset revealed that five new species each formed an independent lineage that could separate phenotypically similar and phylogenetically related species. Descriptions, photographs, and phylogenetic analysis results are provided for the five new species, along with the comparisons with related species. A key to all Mycena species found in Hunan is also provided.

A novel non-sporulating, non-motile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive coccus, designated strain JSM 078151 T , was isolated from an intertidal sediment sample collected from Naozhou Island in the South China Sea, China. Growth was found to occur in the presence of 0–15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0.5–3 % (w/v) NaCl), at pH 6.5–10.5 (optimum pH 7.0–8.0) and at 5–35 °C (optimum 25–30 °C). The peptidoglycan type was determined to be A3 a , containing lysine, glutamic acid and alanine. The major cellular fatty acid identified was anteiso-C 15:0 and the predominant menaquinones are MK-7 and MK-8. The polar lipids were found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid and one unidentified phospholipid. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain JSM 078151 T was determined to be 55.2 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that strain JSM 078151 T should be assigned to the genus Rothia , and was most closely related to Rothia nasimurium CCUG 35957 T (98.3 % sequence similarity), followed by Rothia amarae J18 T (97.5 %) and Rothia terrae L-143 T (97.3 %). A combination of phylogenetic analysis, DNA–DNA relatedness values, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic data supports the suggestion that strain JSM 078151 T represents a novel species of the genus Rothia , for which the name Rothia marina sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JSM 078151 T (= DSM 21080 T  = KCTC 19432 T ).

A novel moderately halophilic, alkaliphilic, non-motile, non-sporulating, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, aerobic, coccus-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium, designated strain JSM 071043T, was isolated from a subterranean brine sample collected from a salt mine in Hunan Province, China. Growth occurred with 0.5-20% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5-10%) at pH 6.5-10.5 (optimum pH 8.5) and at 10-40°C (optimum 25-30°C). Good growth also occurred in the presence of 0.5-20% (w/v) KCl (optimum 5-8%) or 0.5-25% (w/v) MgCl₂·6H₂O (optimum 5-10%). The peptidoglycan type was A4α (l-Lys-l-Ala-l-Glu) and major cell-wall sugars were tyvelose and mannose. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C₁₅:₀, iso-C₁₆:₀ and anteiso-C₁₇:₀. Strain JSM 071043T contained MK-9 and MK-8 as the predominant menaquinones and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol as the major polar lipids. The DNA G + C content was 67.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JSM 071043T was a member of the suborder Micrococcineae, and was most closely related to Zhihengliuella halotolerans YIM 70185T (sequence similarity 98.9%) and Zhihengliuella alba YIM 90734T (98.2%), and the three strains formed a distinct branch in the phylogenetic tree. The combination of phylogenetic analysis, DNA-DNA relatedness values, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic data supports the proposal that strain JSM 071043T represents a novel species of the genus Zhihengliuella, for which the name Z. salsuginis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JSM 071043T (= DSM 21149T = KCTC 19466T).

A Gram-positive, moderately halophilic, endospore-forming, catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated strain JSM 089168 T , was isolated from saline soil collected from Naozhou Island, Leizhou Bay, South China Sea. The organism was able to grow with 2–25% (w/v) total salts (optimum, 5–10%), at pH 6.0–10.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and 10–45°C (optimum, 30°C). meso -Diaminopimelic acid was present in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The strain contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone, and diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol as the major polar lipids. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 15:0 , iso-C 15:0 and anteiso-C 17:0 , and the DNA G + C content was 40.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that strain JSM 089168 T should be assigned to the genus Virgibacillus , being related most closely to the type strains of Virgibacillus carmonensis (sequence similarity 97.6%), Virgibacillus necropolis (97.3%) and Virgibacillus halodenitrificans (97.1%). Levels of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain JSM 089168 T and the type strains of V. carmonensis , V. necropolis and V. halodenitrificans were 20.4, 14.3 and 12.0%, respectively. The combination of phylogenetic analysis, DNA–DNA relatedness, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic data supported the view that strain JSM 089168 T represents a novel species of the genus Virgibacillus , for which the name Virgibacillus litoralis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JSM 089168 T (=DSM 21085 T  =KCTC 13228 T ).

A moderately halophilic, Gram-positive, catalase- and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated strain JSM 071077T, was isolated from a subterranean brine sample collected from a salt mine in Hunan Province, China. Cells were motile by means of peritrichous flagella and formed ellipsoidal endospores lying in subterminal swollen sporangia. Strain JSM 071077T was able to grow with 2-25% (w/v) total salts (optimum, 5-10%), at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.5) and 10-40°C (optimum, 25-30°C). meso-Diaminopimelic acid was present in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7, and the major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C₁₅:₀, anteiso-C₁₇:₀ and iso-C₁₅:₀. The genomic DNA G+C content was 41.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that strain JSM 071077T should be assigned to the genus Halobacillus, being related most closely to the type strain of Halobacillus naozhouensis (98.8% sequence similarity), and the two strains formed a distinct subline in the neighbor-joining, minimum-evolution and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees. The sequence similarities between the novel isolate and the type strains of other recognized Halobacillus species ranged from 97.6% (with Halobacillus alkaliphilus) to 95.2% (with Halobacillus kuroshimensis). The results of the phylogenetic analyses, combined with DNA-DNA relatedness data, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic information, support that strain JSM 071077T represents a new species of the genus Halobacillus, for which the name Halobacillus hunanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JSM 071077T (=DSM 21184T = KCTC 13235T).

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the factors associated with sensory and motor recovery after the repair of upper limb peripheral nerve injuries. DATA SOURCES： The online PubMed database was searched for English articles describing outcomes after the repair of median, ulnar, radial, and digital nerve injuries in humans with a publication date between 1 January 1990 and 16 February 2011. STUDY SELECTION： The following types of article were selected： （1） clinical trials describ- ing the repair of median, ulnar, radial, and digital nerve injuries published in English; and （2） studies that reported sufficient patient information, including age, mechanism of injury, nerve injured, injury location, defect length, repair time, repair method, and repair materials. SPSS 13.0 software was used to perform univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses and to in- vestigate the patient and intervention factors associated with outcomes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Sensory function was assessed using the Mackinnon-Dellon scale and motor function was assessed using the manual muscle test. Satisfactory motor recovery was defined as grade M4 or M5, and satisfactory sensory recovery was defined as grade S3＋ or S4. RESULTS： Seventy-one articles were included in this study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that repair time, repair materials, and nerve injured were inde- pendent predictors of outcome after the repair of nerve injuries （P 〈 0.05）, and that the nerve injured was the main factor affecting the rate of good to excellent recovery. CONCLUSION： Predictors of outcome after the repair of peripheral nerve injuries include age, gender, repair time, repair materials, nerve injured, defect length, and duration of follow-up.

(Pers.) Roussel (1806) is a large genus of Mycenaceae known for having small to medium-sized basidiomata. It is typified by the species (Scop.) Gray. For years, many mycologists have made important contributions to understanding and several monographs have been published. Three specimens were collected from China that belonged to the genus . On the basis of morphological analysis and phylogenetic analyses employing DNA sequences, a new species is described. sp. nov. is described as a new species from subtropical areas of China. It is characterised by its brown pileus, whitish lamellae that turns brown when bruised, orange to brown lamellae edges, the absence of pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia with simple or branched excrescences at the apex containing yellowish-brown contents. We performed phylogenetic analyses on a concatenated dataset comprising the internal transcribed spacer and large subunit regions of nuclear ribosomal RNA using Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood methods. The result showed that the new taxon clustered in an independent group and is closely related to and .