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"Livingstone, D. W"
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Proletarianization of Professional Employees and Underemployment of General Intellect in a “Knowledge Economy”
Proletarianization refers to the subordination of hired labour to the owners of capital. This inquiry assesses the extent of proletarianization of professional employees on the basis of a distinctive series of national surveys of the general labour force in Canada between 1982 and 2016. Non-managerial professional employees are distinguished from professionals in other class positions (i.e. professional employers, self-employed professionals, and professional managers) with whom they have been conflated in much of the prior research. The findings suggest increasing proletarianization of professional employees during this period in terms of declining job autonomy and decreasing participation in organizational decision-making, as well as increasing underemployment and more critical political attitudes. But there is also evidence of increasing qualifications and development of “general intellect” among more traditional working-class employees, as well as even more extensive underemployment. Implications of convergence between the proletarianization of professional employees, as a “new working class,” and the qualifications and perceived working conditions of other non-managerial hired labour in emergent “knowledge economies” are discussed. More careful distinctions between non-managerial professional employees and professionals in other class positions in future studies are recommended.
Journal Article
Glucocorticoid receptor gene expression in adipose tissue and associated metabolic risk in black and white South African women
Background:
Black women have lower visceral adipose tissue (VAT) but are less insulin sensitive than white women; the mechanisms responsible are unknown.
Objective:
The study aimed to test the hypothesis that variation in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) sensitivity to glucocorticoids might underlie these differences.
Methods:
Body fatness (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) and distribution (computerized tomography), insulin sensitivity (S
I
, intravenous and oral glucose tolerance tests), and expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11HSD1), hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucocorticoid receptor-α (GRα), as well as genes involved in adipogenesis and inflammation were measured in abdominal deep SAT, superficial SAT and gluteal SAT (GLUT) depots of 56 normal-weight or obese black and white premenopausal South African (SA) women. We used a combination of univariate and multivariate statistics to evaluate ethnic-specific patterns in adipose gene expression and related body composition and insulin sensitivity measures.
Results:
Although 11HSD1 activity and mRNA did not differ by ethnicity, GRα mRNA levels were significantly lower in SAT of black compared with white women, particularly in the GLUT depot (0.52±0.21 vs 0.91±0.26 AU, respectively,
P
<0.01). In black women, lower SAT GRα mRNA levels were associated with increased inflammatory gene transcript levels and abdominal SAT area, and reduced adipogenic gene transcript levels, VAT/SAT ratio and S
I
. Abdominal SAT 11HSD1 activity associated with increased VAT area and decreased S
I
in white, but not in black women.
Conclusions:
In black SA women, downregulation of GRα mRNA levels with obesity and reduced insulin sensitivity, possibly via increased SAT inflammation, is associated with reduced VAT accumulation.
Journal Article
Liberal education, civic education, and the Canadian regime : past principles and present challenges
\"Liberal Education, Civic Education, and the Canadian Regime asks what is the place of a liberal education--that is, studying the great books and Canada's political and philosophy history, as in the tradition of the liberal arts--in the education and development of the idea of citizenship in the Canadian public (what the editor, Livingstone, and his contributors call \"civic education\"). The liberal education stands in contract to the transferable job skills of a vocational training that can further technological, economic, and social progress. In the introduction, Livingstone considers whether studying Canada's early documents and tradition can recover and resuscitate the debates that occurred at the time of the country's founding and also resurface to shed light on contemporary issues.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Professional power and skill use in the \knowledge economy\
\"This is the first systematic analysis of the class structure of professionals. Their growing numbers, including mainly non-managerial professional employees as well as self-employed professionals, professional employers and professional managers, have been conflated in most prior studies. In this book, evidence comes from a unique series of large-scale surveys since the 1980s as well as recent comparative case studies of engineers and nurses. A primary focus is on issues of job control and skill utilization among these knowledge workers widely regarded as pivotal to the sustainability of knowledge economies. Professional employees in particular are found to face declining job control, diminishing use of their skills and increasing barriers to continuing learning. There are many original benchmarks here to serve as guides for further studies on professional classes, job design and training strategies in advanced capitalist economies\"--.
eBook
Lifelong Learning in Paid and Unpaid Work
Lifelong learning is essential to all individuals and in recent years has become a guiding principle for policy initiatives, ranging from national economic competition to issues of social cohesion and personal fulfilment. However, despite the importance of lifelong learning there is a critical absence of direct, international evidence on its extent, content and outcomes.
Lifelong Learning in Paid and Unpaid Work provides a new paradigm for understanding work and learning, documenting the active contribution of workers to their development and their adaptation to paid and unpaid work. Empirical evidence drawn from national surveys in Canada and eight related case studies is used to explore the current learning activities of those in paid employment, housework and volunteer work, addressing all forms of learning, including formal schooling, further education courses, informal training and self-directed learning, particularly in the context of organizational and technological change.
Proposing an expanded conceptual framework for investigating the relationships between learning and work, the contributors offer new insights into the ways in which adult learning adapts to and helps reshape the wide contemporary world of work throughout the life course.
eBook
Public Attitudes Towards Education in Ontario 1998
Since 1978, the OISE/UT Survey has been the only extensive analysis of public concerns about educational issues in Canada to be published on a regular basis. The survey profiles current patterns and trends in public opinion about policy options for all levels of education.
The twelfth survey is based on interviews conducted in late 1998 with a random sample of 1000 Ontario adults, and questionnaires completed by over 100 randomly selected corporate executives. Trends in attitude changes are presented for the general public and executives. This survey focuses on public support for educational funding and major school governance and programme reforms, as well as the roles of universities and provisions for life-long learning in an emerging knowledge society.
The goal of the OISE/UT surveys is to enhance public awareness of educational issues and to encourage informed participation in policy making. Timely, revealing, and easy to read, the survey is recommended for educators at all levels, policy-makers, and the general public.
eBook
The Growing Gap between Post-Secondary Schooling and Further Education: Findings of 1998, 2004, 2010, and 2016 Surveys of the Employed Canadian Labour Force
This article summarizes the findings of a 2016 national survey of the formal schooling, further education, and job-related informal learning of the employed Canadian labour force and compares the results with those of prior national surveys conducted in 1998, 2004, and 2010. The major finding is an unprecedented growing gap between increasing post-secondary school completion and decreasing participation in further education. This gap may have begun in a recessionary labour market but may now be driven by the increasing underemployment of the qualifications of post-secondary graduates who find little added benefit to further education in their jobs. The incidence of job-related informal learning may also be declining. Age and economic class differences in schooling and further education appear to be narrowing in this context. Implications of the growing gap between advanced schooling and further education as well as the increasing incidence of underemployment are discussed.
Journal Article
Lifelong Learning and Underemployment in the Knowledge Society: A North American perspective
The knowledge society is alive and well with adults engaged in unprecedented high levels of formal schooling, continuing education courses and informal learning. The 'knowledge economy', however, is still illusory. There is serious underemployment of people's learning capacities in current workplaces. This underemployment has several dimensions: the talent use gap; structural underemployment; involuntary reduced employment; the credential gap; the performance gap; and subjective underemployment. This article documents both extensive lifelong learning and massive underemployment in Canada and the USA. I suggest that this gap can be adequately addressed not by still more emphasis on lifelong learning, but rather by substantial economic reforms.
Journal Article