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Network data mining and analysis
\"Consider an online social networking site with millions of members in which members have the opportunity to befriend one another, send messages to each other, and post content on the site. Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter are examples of such sites. To make sense of data from these sites, we resort to social media mining to answer the following questions: 1. What are social communities in bipartite graphs and signed graphs? 2. How robust are the networks? How can we apply the robustness of networks? 3. How can we find identical social users across heterogeneous social networks? Social media shatters the boundaries between the real world and the virtual world. We can now integrate social theories with computational methods to study how individuals interact with each other and how social communities form in bipartite and signed networks. The uniqueness of social media data calls for novel data mining techniques that can effectively handle user generated content with rich social relations. The study and development of these new techniques are under the purview of social media mining, an emerging discipline under the umbrella of data mining. Social Media Mining is the process of representing, analyzing, and extracting actionable patterns from social media data\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
M Cells: Intelligent Engineering of Mucosal Immune Surveillance
M cells are specialized intestinal epithelial cells that provide the main machinery for sampling luminal microbes for mucosal immune surveillance. M cells are usually found in the epithelium overlying organized mucosal lymphoid tissues, but studies have identified multiple distinct lineages of M cells that are produced under different conditions, including intestinal inflammation. Among these lineages there is a common morphology that helps explain the efficiency of M cells in capturing luminal bacteria and viruses; in addition, M cells recruit novel cellular mechanisms to transport the particles across the mucosal barrier into the lamina propria, a process known as transcytosis. These specializations used by M cells point to a novel engineering of cellular machinery to selectively capture and transport microbial particles of interest. Because of the ability of M cells to effectively violate the mucosal barrier, the circumstances of M cell induction have important consequences. Normal immune surveillance insures that transcytosed bacteria are captured by underlying myeloid/dendritic cells; in contrast, inflammation can induce development of new M cells not accompanied by organized lymphoid tissues, resulting in bacterial transcytosis with the potential to amplify inflammatory disease. In this review, we will discuss our own perspectives on the life history of M cells and also raise a few questions regarding unique aspects of their biology among epithelia.
Journal Article
American wild
American Wild: it can kill you, or exhilarate you. It's always there, a character in its own right in the great unfolding narrative of American writing. This issue of Granta is dedicated to stories of the wild, from MELINDA MOUSTAKIS on gutting fish in Alaska to CLAIRE VAYE WATKINS on a lost child in a dystopian California. Also: ANTHONY DOERR on a family of pioneers in Idaho, ADAM NICOLSON on tracking wolves in New Mexico and DAVID TREUER on cage fighting and his Ojibwe heritage.
BOOK
Flow-induced vibrations of a rotating cylinder
The flow-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder, free to oscillate in the cross-flow direction and subjected to a forced rotation about its axis, are analysed by means of two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations. The impact of the symmetry breaking caused by the forced rotation on the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) mechanisms is investigated for a Reynolds number equal to $100$, based on the cylinder diameter and inflow velocity. The cylinder is found to oscillate freely up to a rotation rate (ratio between the cylinder surface and inflow velocities) close to $4$. Under forced rotation, the vibration amplitude exhibits a bell-shaped evolution as a function of the reduced velocity (inverse of the oscillator natural frequency) and reaches $1.9$ diameters, i.e. three times the maximum amplitude in the non-rotating case. The free vibrations of the rotating cylinder occur under a condition of wake–body synchronization similar to the lock-in condition driving non-rotating cylinder VIV. The largest vibration amplitudes are associated with a novel asymmetric wake pattern composed of a triplet of vortices and a single vortex shed per cycle, the ${\\rm T} + {\\rm S}$ pattern. In the low-frequency vibration regime, the flow exhibits another new topology, the U pattern, characterized by a transverse undulation of the spanwise vorticity layers without vortex detachment; consequently, free oscillations of the rotating cylinder may also develop in the absence of vortex shedding. The symmetry breaking due to the rotation is shown to directly impact the selection of the higher harmonics appearing in the fluid force spectra. The rotation also influences the mechanism of phasing between the force and the structural response.
Journal Article
Fluid–structure interaction of a square cylinder at different angles of attack
This study investigates the free transverse flow-induced vibration (FIV) of an elastically mounted low-mass-ratio square cylinder in a free stream, at three different incidence angles:
${{\\alpha }}=0^\\circ $
,
$20^\\circ $
and
$45^\\circ $
. This geometric setup presents a body with an angle of attack, sharp corners and some afterbody, and therefore is a generic body that can be used to investigate a wide range of FIV phenomena. A recent study by Nemes et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 710, 2012, pp. 102–130) provided a broad overview of the flow regimes present as a function of both the angle of attack
${{\\alpha }}$
and reduced flow velocity
${U^{*}}$
. Here, the focus is on the three aforementioned representative angles of attack:
${{\\alpha }}=0^\\circ $
, where the FIV is dominated by transverse galloping;
${{\\alpha }}=45^\\circ $
, where the FIV is dominated by vortex-induced vibration (VIV); and an intermediate value of
${{\\alpha }}=20^\\circ $
, where the underlying FIV phenomenon has previously been difficult to determine. For the
${{\\alpha }}=0^\\circ $
case, the amplitude of oscillation increases linearly with the flow speed except for a series of regimes that occur when the vortex shedding frequency is in the vicinity of an odd-integer multiple of the galloping oscillation frequency, and the vortex shedding synchronizes to this multiple of the oscillation frequency. It is shown that only odd-integer multiple synchronizations should occur. These synchronizations explain the ‘kinks’ in the galloping amplitude response for light bodies first observed by Bearman et al. (J. Fluids Struct., vol. 1, 1987, pp. 19–34). For the
${{\\alpha }}=45^\\circ $
case, the VIV response consists of a number of subtle, but distinctly different regimes, with five regimes of high-amplitude oscillations, compared to two found in the classic VIV studies of a circular cylinder. For the intermediate
${{\\alpha }}=20^\\circ $
case, a typical VIV ‘upper branch’ occurs followed by a ‘higher branch’ of very large-amplitude response. The higher branch is caused by a subharmonic synchronization between the vortex shedding and the body oscillation frequency, where two cycles of vortex shedding occur over one cycle of oscillation. It appears that this subharmonic synchronization is a direct result of the asymmetric body. Overall, the FIV of the square cylinder is shown to be very rich, with a number of distinct regimes, controlled by both
${{\\alpha }}$
and
${U^{*}}$
. Importantly,
${{\\alpha }}$
controls the underlying FIV phenomenon, as well as controlling the types of possible synchronization between the oscillation and vortex shedding.
Journal Article
Deciphering the M-cell niche: insights from mouse models on how microfold cells “know” where they are needed
Known for their distinct antigen-sampling abilities, microfold cells, or M cells, have been well characterized in the gut and other mucosa including the lungs and nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). More recently, however, they have been identified in tissues where they were not initially suspected to reside, which raises the following question: what external and internal factors dictate differentiation toward this specific role? In this discussion, we will focus on murine studies to determine how these cells are identified (e.g., markers and function) and ask the broader question of factors triggering M-cell localization and patterning. Then, through the consideration of unconventional M cells, which include villous M cells, Type II taste cells, and medullary thymic epithelial M cells (microfold mTECs), we will establish the M cell as not just a player in mucosal immunity but as a versatile niche cell that adapts to its home tissue. To this end, we will consider the lymphoid structure relationship and apical stimuli to better discuss how the differing cellular programming and the physical environment within each tissue yield these cells and their unique organization. Thus, by exploring this constellation of M cells, we hope to better understand the multifaceted nature of this cell in its different anatomical locales.
Journal Article